There are various methods to study lens disorders,mainly in vivo and in vitro.In vitro,besides lens epithelial cells culture,lens tissue culture has been widely used,which helps to evaluate onset risk and explore pathogenesis in scientific research field.Especially in pharmacology,lens tissue culture has manifested its superiority as a screening test that helps to estimate both ocular toxic and protective effects of a certain drug and screen out appropriate drug prospectively and retrospectively.In addition,models constructed by tissue culture reveal pathophysiology of lens more intuitively and their culture conditions are much easier to control.However,methods for sampling,culture and identification were diverse.Therefore,this review aimed to retrospect the front research of lens tissue culture both at home and aboard in biological property,sampling,tissue culture,identification of condition and application.

Pyroptosis is a new programmed cell death which has been found recently.Pyroptosis features rapid plasma-membrane rupture and release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents.Pyroptosis plays a vital role in intracellular bacterial clearance,but may also be involved in the pathological process of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.It exists in the occurrence,development and dying of many eye diseases.The researches of pyroptosis in agerelated macular degeneration (AMD),cataract,dry eye disease,Mooren's ulcer and acute glaucoma have emerged,an in-depth research may be useful in understanding eye diseases in a deeper level.In this artile,the concept of pyroptosis and its involvement in AMD,cataract,dry eye disease,Mooren's ulcer and acute glaucoma are reviewed.

Background Blindness and low vision represent significant public health issues in China.Late diagnosis is the major reason for the irreversible vision impairment.A feasible,cost-effective screening and referral program is very important for the eye health care,prevention and treatment of blindness in China.Objective This study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a health examination center-based opportunistic eye disease screening program.Methods This was a cross-sectional study.Subjects undergoing a routine physical examination at the health examination center of the Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang were invited to attend this program.Presenting visual acuity,intraocular pressure,and nonmydriatic fundus photography were obtained.Optic diso photographs were evaluated independently by two ophthalmologists.Blindness and moderate to severe vision impairment were defined based on the criteria of World Health Organization Visual Impairment Classification in 2009.Glaucoma,diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other suspected eye diseases were diagnosed according to the fundus photography and intraocular pressure.This study was approved by Ethic Committe of the Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang,the informed consent of each subject was obtained.Results Totally,15 303 subjects were enrolled and 15 197 of them finished the exanimations,giving a response rate of 99.3％.The overall percentage of blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment was 0.08％ (12/15 197) and 2.34％ (355/15 197).Two hundred and twenty-eight (1.50％) subjects were defined as glaucoma suspects and 80 individuals (0.53％) were diagnosed as epimacular membrane.Other suspected eye diseases included DR (0.41％),branchial retinal vessel occlusion (0.24％),macular degeneration (0.09 ％),and macular hole (0.06％).More than 95 ％ of the eye disease suspects have never been previously diagnosed or treated.A total of 358 subjects (2.36％) were defined as ocular hypertension suspects.Conclusions This health examination center-based opportunistic eye disease screening shows a good efficiency and feasibility.It may become an optional program in the national eye health care project,as well as the work of prevention and treatment of blindness.

Background With the progression of cortical cataract,the lens thickness and anterior chamber will change and may have significant influences on the structure and function of the eyes.A special measurement is needed to observe the anterior and posterior surface of lens and detailed angle structure,and to quantify these changes.Ohjective This study was to compare the lens thickness and angle structures by CASIA SS-1000 anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in early and intumescent stage of cataract and quantify the ocular anatomical differences.Methods An observational study was performed.Fifty cortical cataract patients (87 eyes) of the early stage or the intumescent stage in the ophthalmology outpatient clinic of Daping Hospital from October 16 to October 30,2015 were continuously enrolled in this research.The eyes were assigned to the early stage group (28 patients 44 eyes) and the intumescent stage group (22 patients 43 eyes) according to the slit lamp examination results.The average age was (56.46 ± 12.90) years in the early stage group and (70.95 ± 8.81) years in the intumescent stage group.With the use of CASIA SS-1000 AS-OCT measurements,lens thickness,angle opening distance (AOD),angle recess area (ARA),trabecular-iris space area (TISA),trabecular-iris angle (TIA) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured and compared between the two groups.Results Lens thickness was (4.438±0.487) mm in the early stage group and (5.094±0.451)mm in the intumescent stage group,with an average increase of (0.656±0.101) mm,showing a significant difference between the two groups (t =-6.513,P =0.000).ACD in the early stage group was (2.966±0.326)mm and (2.534±0.376)mm in the intumescent stage group,with an average decrease of (0.432±0.075)mm,showing a significant difference between the two groups (t =5.730,P =0.000).AOD500,AOD750,ARA500,ARA750,TISA500,TISA750,TIA500 and TIA750 were all lower in the intumescent stage group than those in the early stage group,with significant differences between the two groups (all at P=0.000).Conclusions The lens was thicker,ACD was shallower and anterior angle was narrower in the intumescent stage than those in the early stage of cortical cataract patients.SS-1000 AS-OCT is efficiency with high definition,and is supposed to have promising prospect of clinical application.

Background Hereditary retinal diseases (HRDs) are a group of retinal degenerative diseases with significant genetic and clinical heterogeneities.Traditional techniques are challenging for detection of pathogenic mutations.Objective This study was to identify the diseasing-causal genes in 20 Chinese families with a variety of HRDs.Methods Family histories and ophthalmic examinations were obtained from all participants in 20 sporadic families.Targeted sequence capture array technique with next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to detect pathogenic mutations in 232 identified genes associated with HRDs.Variants detected by NGS were filtered by bioinformatic analysis HRDs.Genotype-phenotype correlation was also assessed.Results We identified 11 patients with pathogenic mutations,including 8 compound heterozygous mutations and 3 homozygous mutations,which were not yet reported.These findings showed genetic diagnoses in 11 of 20 patients,with the positive rate of 55％.Among them,6 patients were autosomal recessive inheritance and 5 were unspecific.Identification of different mutations and divergent phenotypes revealed 5 patients were affected with cone-rod dystrophy,3 patients with Leber congenital amaurosis,1 patient with congenital stationary night blindness,1 patient with Best vitelliform macular dystrophy and 1 patient with Stargardt disease.Conclusions Targeted NGS is an effective approach for the genetic diagnoses of HRDs.These findings provide insights into understanding the genotype-phenotype correlations in HRDs.

As chronic diseases gradually become the primary threat to the health of Chinese population and the rapid increase in the need of high eye health quality,the population-based epidemiological study of eye disease in China should be conducted in the following mode:large-scale,multicenter,and prospective cohort studies in different gender,age,ethnicity and living habits population,with new analytical models similar to generalized linear and nonlinear mixed effects to better analyze the interaction between environmental causes and individual internal factors.The systematic epidemiology and spatial epidemiology concepts are suggested to be included in eye research,in order to deconstruct the cause of eye disease diversification.All these facilitate precision prediction,diagnosis and treatment of individual patient.

Ocular proliferative diseases,such as proliferative vitreous retinopathy (PVR),diabetic retinopathy (DR),choroidal neovascularization,corneal neovascularization and so on,often do harm to the structure and function of the eyes,and responses to treatments of late stage of these diseases are poor.Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with a length greater than 200 nucleotides can not directly encode a protein but can regulate the expression of protein coding genes through various pathways,and are widely involved in the regulation of body growth,as well as in cell apoptosis,proliferation and differentiation.More and more evidence suggests that lncRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of ocular diseases.In the present paper,the concept,classification and mechanism of lncRNAs,and recent advances in the role of lncRNAs in PVR,DR,choroidal neovascularization and corneal neovascularization were reviewed.

Traditional Chinese medicine is the treasure of China and the people of the world.With the standardization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine,the effective components or monomers of Chinese herbal medicines should be clarified and investigated.Although researches on effective components of Chinese herbal medicines have been increasing year by year,there is a lack of systematic induction.In this review,we summarized the traditional Chinese medicines which have therapeutic effects on the eye diseases recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition).According to the information from published books and literature reports,the relevant bioactive constituents of these Chinese medicines and the possible mechanisms of their pharmacological actions are summarized and categorized here in 5 aspects:antipathogenic microbial action,anti-inflammation and immunomodulation,anti-oxidation,neuroprotection,and vascular protection.We hope that this review will provide some theoretical basis and reference for the researchers who are dedicated to the treatment of ophthalmic diseases and the research and development of traditional Chinese medicines.

Amhlyopia is a developmental disorder of visual system caused by abnormal visual experiences in critical period,whose characteristic is low monocular or binocular best corrected visual acuity and without ocular organic lesions.With the development of the research,more and more studies showed that amblyopia can not only lead to a reduction in corrected visual acuity,but also accompany by many other visual defects,such as visual crowd effect,impaired spatial contrast sensitivity,decreased vernier acuity,contour integration deficit,orientation discrimination deficit,temporal processing deficit and global processing deficit,which has become a common concern of a social problem.A comprehensive understanding of visual defects in amblyopia is of great significance on the diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia.This paper summarized the research progress of various visual defects of amblyopia,so as to provide references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia.

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common complication after cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.The mechanism of lens epithelial cells (LECs) fibrosis,PCO and capsular wrinkle is mainly related with residual LECs migration,proliferation and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) after cataract surgery.Transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) has been proposed as the most important factor driving the EMT and pathologic fibrosis of LECs,TGF-β2 induces LECs EMT by the Smad signaling pathway.Besides,PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was studied to participate in TGF-β2 induced EMT.As one of the gene regulation methods,RNA interference (RNAi) technology shows an important application prospect in inhibiting LECs fibrosis and proliferation by interfering signaling pathway.This review highlights RNAi effects on LECs biological behavior by interfering PI3K/AKT/mTOR and TGF-β2/Smad signaling pathways.