OBJECTIVETo study the clinical characteristics of whooping cough in neonates and the antimicrobial resistance of the bacterial isolates.

METHODSClinical information of 7 neonates with whooping cough confirmed by bacterial culture was collected. The antimirobial resistance of the isolates was tested using E-test and disk diffusion methods.

RESULTSThe children′s mothers or other family members had cough for more than 10 days in 6 neonates, in which four neonates contacted with 3 or more family members with cough. All the neonates had rhinobyon and slight cough at the beginning of the disease. Five cases presented typical spasmodic cough after 4-7 days of the onset. Five cases displayed cyanosis, four cases occurred apnea, three cases suffered breath holding, and only two cases had fever. Nares flaring and three depression signs were found in the physical examination. No bacteriostatic ring around the erythromycin disks were found for five bacterial isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and clindamycin were all >256 mg/L against the five isolates.

CONCLUSIONSWhooping cough should be considered for neonates with respiratory symptoms and a history of close contact with respiratory infection patients. Macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis is common in children with whooping cough.

Bordetella pertussis ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Whooping Cough ; complications ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo identify risk factors for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) colonization in neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

METHODSA case-control study was conducted. The case group included nine patients colonized with KPC-Kp between 1 August 2012 and 31 April 2013 and the controls were selected randomly from patients without KPC-Kp colonization during the same period. Univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify risk factors for KPC-Kp colonization.

RESULTSThe univariable analysis showed 11 factors associated with KPC-Kp colonization: gestational age, birth weight, length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, congenital heart disease, peripherally inserted central catheter, surgical operation, duration of intravenous nutrition, carbapenems use, duration of carbapenems use and glycopeptides use. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that exposure to more than 4 days of carbapenems use (OR=18.7, 95%CI: 1.98-175.5, P=0.01) was an independent risk factor for KPC-Kp colonization. The intervention to control KPC-Kp colonization included contact isolation, active surveillance, and rational use of antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONSExposure to prolonged use of carbapenems is an independent risk factor for the development of KPC-Kp colonization in neonates hospitalized in the NICU.

Bacterial Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Carbapenems ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Risk Factors ; beta-Lactamases ; biosynthesis

Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality. Pneumonia is the second killer of children less than 5 years of age in China. The World Heath Organization and United Nations Children′s Fund launched the integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhea (GAPPD) in 2013. The ambitious goal is to end preventable childhood deaths due to pneumonia by 2025. Countries or regions should achieve the following goals: (1) reduce mortality from pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age to fewer than 3 per 1 000 live births; (2) reduce the incidence of severe pneumonia by 75% in children less than 5 years of age compared to 2010 levels. If the implementation of key interventions is accelerated, the mortality rate of childhood pneumonia will drop substantially every year, which makes the goal achievable.
Child Mortality ; trends ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Pneumonia ; mortality ; Time Factors

Brain hypoxia-ischemia has been considered as critical factors in many human central nervous system diseases, including stroke and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. In brain hypoxia-ischemia processes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is induced to produce excessive nitric oxide (NO) which leads to cascade reactions of inflammation and neuronal death, deteriorating primary brain injury. Inhibiting iNOS expression has opened new perspectives in the treatment of brain hypoxia-ischemia because iNOS inhibitor has been shown as a potent therapeutic agent. This reviews focus on recent research achievements regarding the relationship between iNOS and ischemic-hypoxic brain damage and the perspective of using iNOS inhibitors as therapeutic strategies for brain ischemic-hypoxic brain damage.
Animals ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; physiology

Marked differences have been found in molecular characteristics between pediatric and adult myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. The incidence of gene mutations associated with myeloid malignances in pediatric patients is lower than in adults, while the incidence of aberrant methylation is similar between them. It is also worth noting that novel molecular factors such as mitochondrial DNA mutations may play a role in the pathogenesis of childhood MDS. This article summarizes research advances in molecular biology of pediatric MDS.
Child ; DNA Methylation ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; etiology ; genetics

B-Lymphocytes ; Child ; Humans ; Male ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid ; pathology

Cardiomyopathies ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Carnitine ; deficiency ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperammonemia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Infant ; Muscular Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy

DiGeorge Syndrome ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Female ; Human Growth Hormone ; deficiency ; Humans ; Ring Chromosomes

Administration, Inhalation ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; administration & dosage ; Piperazines ; administration & dosage ; Purines ; administration & dosage ; Sildenafil Citrate ; Sulfones ; administration & dosage