Objective To detect the expression of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatedextracellular-regulated kinase (P-ERK) in the hippocampus after pentylenetetrazoloe-induced status epilepsy and the effects of nimodipine on it.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley adult rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into normal control group(NC,n =35),status epilepsy group (SE,n =40),nimodipine group (NIM,n =40).The rats were injected first with 40 mg/kg pentylenetetrazoloe(PTZ),followed 10 minutes later by 20 mg/kg PTZ,and subsequently,10 mg/kg PTZ ip every 10 minutes until SE occurred,apoint charactered by a loss of postural control and tonic-clonic seizures.Rats in control group received the same number of saline injections.Rats in NIM group were injected NIM(2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 15 min before the injection of PTZ.Rats in every group were killed at 30 minutes,1 hour,3 hours,12 hours,24 horus,72 hours and 7 days after status epilepsy respectively and the hippocampus were dissected.The expression of ERK and P-ERK in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot.Results Nimodipine attenuated the convulsion of PTZ-induced status epilepsy.There was dynamic expression of P-ERK in SE group.In NIM group,the expression of P-ERK was markedly increased than that of SE group at 30 min,1h,3h,12h,24h,72h,and 7d (3.26 ±0.95 vs 2.56 ±0.82 at 30 min,P＜0.05).Conclusion Nimodipine attenuates the convulsion of PTZ-induced status epilepsy with increased expression of phosphated-ERK in the hippocampus of rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid on the behavioral changes in enhanced single prolonged stress (ESPS) model rats and the levels of interlukin-1β (IL-1β) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus.Methods 48 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n =8):Control group,Control + RA (L) group,Control + RA (H) group,ESPS group,ESPS + RA (L) group and ESPS + RA (H) group.Behavioral changes of these rats were analyzed by open field test and elevated plus-maze.The levels of IL-1 β and IL-6 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results (1) Open field test showed that the number of central region entering and the fraction of time exploring in center of ESPS group were significantly reduced than that of Control group ((18.13 ± 10.15) times,(26.68 ± 10.06) ％) and ESPS + RA (H) group ((16.88 ± 8.81) times,(25.08 ± 8.52) ％) (P ＜ 0.05).And it showed no significant difference among Control + RA(L) group,Control + RA(H) group and Control group.Meanwhile,there was also no statistic difference between ESPS group and ESPS + RA(L) group.(2) Elevated plus-maze test showed that percentages of open arm entries and fraction of time exploring in open arm in reference to total number of entries into all arms and total time spent on all arms in ESPS group were significantly reduced than that of Control group((37.38 ± 8.24)％,(17.63 ±4.74)％) and ESPS + RA(H) group((33.72 ±9.49)％,(16.99 ±4.28)％) (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference between that of ESPS group and ESPS + RA(L) group(P＞0.05).It also showed no significant difference among Control + RA (L) group,Control + RA (H) group and Control group.(3) Compared with ESPS group,RA(10mg/kg) reduced the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus,but RA(5mg/kg) did not have this effect.(4) Correlation analysis results showed the level of IL-1β in the hippocampus was negatively related with the ameliorated PTSD-like behaviors of ESPS exposure rats.Conclusion RA can ameliorate PTSDlike behaviors of ESPS exposure rats,and this effect may be carried out by down-regulating the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus,especially the IL-1β.

Objective To determine the effects of maternal rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress before pregnancy on the behavior and neurobiology of the mother and their offspring.Methods Two-month Virgin female Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were applied to study.Females were housed with sexually experienced males (ratio 3:1) for propagation after 21-day chronic unpredictable stress.The behaviors of rats and their two-month-offspring were tested.The two-month rats were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU,then the brains were removed and 20 μm frozen sections were used to detect the neurogenesis of hippocampus.Results 1.Open field test:after lactation,CUS + Pre group ((720.52 ± 238.99) cm),CUS group ((995.62 ± 191.77) cm),CON group ((464.95 ±210.11)cm) and CON + Pre group((740.76 ± 281.48)cm) had statistic difference in total distance(P ＜ 0.05).The total distance((1281.10 ±247.89)cm) and border distance((1153.20 ±238.19)cm) in female two-monthprogeny were higher than these in male two-month-progeny ((1074.70 ± 263.35) cm,(957.28 ± 82.94) cm) in CUS + Pre group (P ＜ 0.05).2.Sucrose consumption test:after lactation,the sucrose intake ((13.00 ± 3.46) g)and sucrose consumption percentage((87.00 ±9.01)％) in CUS + Pre group were higher than that in CUS group ((8.13 ± 3.36) g,(79.06 ± 6.45) ％,P ＜ 0.05).The sucrose intake ((12.43 ± 3.31) g) and sucrose consumption percentage((86.90 ± 5.80)％) in CON group were higher than that in CUS group ((8.13 ± 3.36) g,(79.06 ± 6.45) ％,P ＜ 0.05).The sucrose intake ((14.71 ± 4.39) g) and sucrose consumption percentage ((91.54 ± 1.89) ％) in CON + Pre group were significantly higher than those in CUS group ((8.13 ± 3.36) g,(79.06 ± 6.45) ％) (P ＜ 0.01).3.Immunohistochemistry:there was no statistic difference on the new neuron in dentate gyrus of hippocampus in both female and male two-month-progeny of CUS group and CON group((1.18 ±0.37) cells,(1.24 ± 0.41) cells,(1.38 ± 0.47) cells,(1.41 ± 0.35) cells) (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The 21d CUS before pregnancy induce the anxiety-like behavior and depressive-like behavior in maternal rats,and lactation can attenuate influence of stress to protect maternal rats.There is no effect on the behavior and cell proliferation of hippocampus in adult progeny by chronic unpredictable stress exposure before pregnancy.However,there is the difference of anxiety-like behavior in both female and male two-month-progeny.

Objective To explore the effect of different ages on behavioral dimensions of anxiety animal models in Kunming mice.Methods Young/Old,male,Kunming mice were recorded twice,for five minutes,with a one-week inter-trial interval in open field test (OFT),elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark box (LDB).The following parameters were evaluated:percentage of time spent in the OFT central area (Ctime％),percentage of number of squares visited in the OFT central area (Ccross％),the total number of horizontal squares in OFT (Cross),the total number of rears in OFT (Rear),percentage of time spent in the EPM open arms (Otime％),percentage of number of entries into the EPM open arms (Oentries％),the total number of entries into the EPM open and closed arms (Entries),percentage of time exploring in the LDB light area (Ltime％),percentage of number of squares crossing in the LDB light area (Lcross％),percentage of rears in the LDB light area (Lrear％),the total number of transition in LDB (Transition),the total number of horizontal squares in LDB (Cross) and the total number of rears in LDB (Rear).Results OFT-Ctime％,OFT-Ccross％,EPM-Otime％,EPM-Oentries％,LDB-Ltime％,LDB-Lcross％ and LDB-Lrear％ had significant loadings on anxiety factor; OFTCross,EPM-Entries,LDB-Transition and LDB-Cross loaded on locomotion-exploration factor.Old mice had higher anxiety emotion (Ctime％,t =3.12,P＜ 0.01; Ccross％,t =2.37,P＜ 0.01; Otime％,t =1.31,P＜ 0.05; Oentries％,t=1.57,P＜0.05; Ltime％,t=4.15,P＜0.01 ; Lcross％,t=3.28,P＜0.01 ; Lrear％,t=2.73,P＜0.01) and lower locomotion and exploratory activity (Cross,t =2.05,P ＜ 0.01 ; Entries,t =2.09,P ＜ 0.05 ;Transition,t=2.51,P＜0.01; Cross,t=3.02,P＜0.01),compared with Young.Conclusion Ages have no effect on structural dimensions of anxiety animal models.With the growth of ages,old mice have higher anxiety emotion but lower locomotion and exploratory activity.

Objective To study a correlativity of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation change of restingstate brain activity and aphasia quotient in aphasia patients after stroke and investigate recovery and mechanism of the aphasia.Methods Adopting amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in blood oxygenation level dependent functional MRI(BOLD-fMRI) and Siemens version 3.0T MR Scanner was used to obtain 12 aphasia patients and 20 normal volunteers of fMRI data.The fMRI data were processed with the software of DPARSF and analyzed by ALFF,and group analysis was performed with two sample t-test by REST software to obtain increased and decreased ALFF map.Brain regions,in which,ALFF of aphasia group was lower than that of normal control group,were done correlation analysis with aphasia quotient.Results As compared with those in normal subjects,the regions showing decreased ALFF in aphasia patients were distributed in left middle temporal gyrus,left medial prefrontal gyrus,right cerebellum,which were positively correlated with aphasia quotient (r Roi1 =0.48,r Roi2 =0.36,r Roi3 =0.28,respectively);while the regions showing increased ALFF covered left occipital lobe,precentral gyrus,insula,right precuneus.Conclusion As compared with those in normal subjects,the regions positively correlated with aphasia quotient show decreased ALFF in aphasia patients,which are one of the mechanisms of aphasia.The regions increased ALFF in aphasia patients may participate in language function of recovery.

Objective To investigate the action of interlukin-2(IL-2),interlukin-6(IL-6) and its soluble receptors (sIL-2R,sIL-6R) in the first episode of depression in the patients of Uyghur nationality and the differences in IL-2,IL-6 and sIL-2R,sIL-6R levels between the responsive depressed patients and the refractory depressed patients treated with venlafaxine.Methods A case-control study design was conducted.57 first-episode patients with depression (patient group) and 55 healthy people matched with gender and age (control group) were recruited in the study.An intervention with sustained-releasing venlafaxine tablets at fixed dose of 150 mg/d was performed in the patient group.The severity of the illness was evaluated by using the Hamilton's depression scale (HAMD-17) before and after the therapy.And by calculating the reduction rate of HAMD-17 (≥ 50％ or ＜50％),the patients were divided into the responsive or refractory groups.The serum levels of IL-2,IL-6,sIL-2R and sIL-6R in patients and controls were tested by ELISA,and a re-test was done with the patients after treatment.Results There were statistical significant differences of the levels of serum IL-2,IL-6 and sIL-2R,sIL-6R between the patients and the control group (P ＜ 0.01).After treatment,the levels of serum IL-2,IL-6,sIL-2R and sIL-6R in responsive patients were significantly decreased when compared with those before the treatment(P＜ 0.01).The four indexes of refractory patients didn' t alter after venlafaxine treatment (P ＞ 0.05).There were positive correlations between HAMD,serum IL-2 (r =0.677 ; P =0.000) and IL-6 (r =0.197 ; P =0.033) before treatment in all patients.Conclusion Serum IL-2 and IL-6 may play a role in the onset of the depression.The efficacy of venlafaxine is negatively correlated with the levels of serum IL-2 and IL-6.Regulating the imbalanced inflammatory cytokines and the immune system may be one of the mechanisms of drug therapy of depression.

Objective To review the effect of non-invasive bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation combined with naloxone in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) complicated with pulmonary encephalopathy (PE).Methods Related published studies involving BiPAP combined with naloxone in the treatment of AECOPD complicated with PE were recruited and identified from Pubmed,ISI Web of knowledge,CBM Disc,CNKI,Wanfang Data,and randomized controlled trails(RCTs) primarily collected were screened according to inclusive criteria and exclusive criteria.Valid data were extracted after quality evaluation for meta-analysis utilizing RevMan 5.2.Results A total of 10 Chinese RCTs were enrolled,including 697 patients (353 patients in experimental group while 343 patients in control group).The results of metaanalysis indicated that BiPAP combined with naloxone improved PaO2 (WMD =4.10,95％ CI (2.83,5.38),P＜0.00001),PH value(WMD =0.04,95％ CI (0.02,0.05),P ＜ 0.00001) and clinical efficiency rate (OR =3.58,95 ％ CI ((2.22,5.76),P ＜ 0.00001),and reduced PaCO2 (WMD =-5.78,95 ％ CI (-6.87,4.69),P ＜ 0.00001),re-endotracheal intubation rate (OR =0.19,95 ％ CI (0.11,0.35),P ＜ 0.00001),but failed to decrease mortality(OR =0.38,95％ CI (0.11,1.34),P =0.13) of patients with AECOPD complicated with PE.Conclusions BiPAP combined with naloxone play a protective role in enhancing arterial blood gas indexes,improving clinical efficiency rate and limiting re-endotracheal intubation rate.However,the mortality of patients cannot be reduced.

Objective To explore whether patients with bipolar disorder are deficit in their theory of Mind (ToM) and the factors influencing the ToM.Methods Three groups (27 with bipolar disorder,27 with schizophrenia,and 26 in health control) were tested.All subjects' ToM was assessed by Faux pas Questions and IQ by WAISR.The symptoms of groups of patients were measured by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS).Results Three groups' scores of Faux pas Questions(ToM scores) displayed significance(One-Way ANOVA:F(2,77) =13.686,P =0.000) ; Post-hoc test (Games-Howell) showed that ToM scores (13.81 ± 5.66) of bipolar disorder group were lower than those of the control group (17.04 ± 3.79) and higher than the schizophrenia group (9.44 ±6.13).The difference was significant (P =0.048,0.024).Independent sample t test showed that ToM scores of gender in bipolar disorder group were not significant (male:13.20 ± 6.07,femal:14.58 ± 5.26,t =-0.623,P =0.539).There was no correlation between ToM scores of patients with bipolar disorder and their age,years of education,age of onset,duration of illness,scores of negative,positive and general psychiatric rating scale of PANSS,and IQ (＞ 70).Linear regression by stepwise regression was used on each specific symptom of the PANSS,and according to the outcome,related factor was selected as independent variables,the ToM scores as the dependent variable.The regression equation was ToM scores =21.79-1.53 G12-3.16 N6 ;R2adjust was 0.46.Conclusion Patients with bipolar disorder as a whole compared to the control have deficit in their ToM,and the deficit is less than that of patients with schizophrenia.G12 and N6 of the PANSS are the influencing factors,which explain 46％of the variation sources.

Objective To investigate the relationships among perceived stress,mindfulness level,and sleep problems,and to indicate the mediating role of mindfulness level in the relationship between perceived stress and sleep problems.Methods For 179 undergraduate students,the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ),Chinese Perceived Stress Scales (CPSS) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) were used to measure.Results The scores of the scales were (120.43 ± 1 1.23) for FFMQ,(40.17 ± 6.86) for CPSS and (5.28 ± 4.04)for AIS.Pearson correlation analysis showed that perceived stress was negatively correlated to mindfulness level (r =-0.602,P =0.000) and positively correlated to sleep problems (r =0.459,P =0.000) and that there was significant negative correlation between mindfulness level and sleep problems (r =-0.427,P =0.000).Hierarchical linear modeling showed significant partial mediation of mindfulness level on the association between perceived stress and sleep problems.Conclusion Mindfulness level partly mediated the positive link between perceived stress and sleep problems.

Objective To explore the mediation effect of self-esteem on the relationship between perfectionism and depression in college students.Methods Totally 292 college students completed Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS),Hewitt Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HMPS),Slaney Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R),Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (SES) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).Results Maladaptive perfectionism was positively correlated with depression (r =0.54,P ＜ 0.01),and negatively correlated with self-esteem (r =-0.55,P ＜ 0.01).Adaptive perfectionism was not correlated with depression (r =-0.09,P ＞ 0.05),and was positively correlated with self-esteem (r =0.36,P ＜0.01).Self-esteem partially mediated the association between maladaptive perfectionism and depression.The partial mediation effect was significant (P ＜0.05).The mediation model fitted the data well (GFI =0.986,CFI =0.988,NFI =0.981,TLI =0.970,RMSEA =0.075).Conclusion Self-esteem has partially mediating effect on perfectionism and depression.