Objective To investigate and analyze structure of risk perceived by people using HIV voluntary counseling and testing services and related factors.Method Two hundred and sixty eight VCT users were selected from 2 CDCs and 2 hospitals in Beijing and their perceived risks in the process of VCT were assessed by using self-administered question- naires.Factor analysis was performed to understand the relationship between different perceived risks,and risks perceived by different users were evaluated.Results Six factors were obtained from the factor analysis which included:fear of priva- cy disclosure,embarrassment,concern over the reliability of HIV tests,cost & time consumption,the tragic outcomes of HIV positive tests,and potential medical expenditures in the future.And the risks perceived by low and high income users were much higher than those perceived by middle income users.Conclusion There are clear structure of risks perceived by people using HIV voluntary counseling and testing,and people with different incomes have different levels of perceived risks.

Objective To analyze behavior of having multiple sexual partners among outside school adolescents and the impact factors in one county.Method Participatory method was adopted in the survey,trainees of an occupational training center were trained to investigate their peers with anonymous questionnaires.Results The subjects who had more than 3 sexual partners accounted for 38.3%,and the factors related to multiple sexual partners were complicated.The most im- portant protective factor was to raise level of HIV/AIDS related knowledge (OR=0.85);the key risk factors were: promiscuous behaviors (OR=4.91) and prostitution(OR=3.37) among their friends.Conclusion For reducing behav- ior of having multiple sexual partners among outside school adolescents,it is essential to promote HIV/AIDS related health education and to enhance their ability to respond to pressures from their bad peers.

Objective To develop the Chinese version of the 35-item Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) and to assess the reliability and validity of MOS-HIV among HIV-infected individuals.Methods Between April and July of 2007,a croas-sectional survey of 758 HIV-infected individuals was conducted.Responses to the MOS- HIV were analyzed for its reliability and validity.Results Pearson's correlation coefficients of items for test-retest relia- bility ranged from 0.46-0.92,all internal consistency reliability coefficients exceeded 0.69,and all items were more strongly correlated with hypothesized scale than any other scale.Eight scales of MOS-HIV were significantly associated with CD_4 cell counts.Conclusions The Chinese version of MOS-HIV offers good reliability and validity and can be used as a tool to assess the quality of life of HIV infected individuals in China,thus providing evidence for further studying AIDS related quality of life in this country.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of antiretroviral therapy(ART)or highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)for HIV/ AIDS patients in Duan county,and its side effects and CD4 levels in the whole blood.Methods One hundred and nine HIV/AIDS cases admitted to our department in the past 2 years were observed in terms of weight change,control of opportunistic infections,improvement of survival and quality of life,side effects and CD4 levels in the whole blood in 3 months after the combined ART.Results Of the 109 cases 78 patients had weight loss before the treatment and all of them gained weight after the treatment,the changes of body weight were significantly different before and after the treatment(P

Objective To summarize the practice of AIDS prevention and treatment in rural areas of Henan province and to explore a community-based integrated AIDS prevention and treatment model.Methods In the context of the existing 3 tier(county-township-village)rural health care systems,several approaches were adopted including scientific management of HIV-infected persons,patient tracking,laboratory testing,maternal-to-child transmission block,high-risk intervention,health education and medical treatment.Results By the end of 2008,AIDS mortality rate dropped to 4.57 %,the rate of mother-to-child transmission reduced to 4.16%,and the sero-conversion rate among HIV positive single spouses was 1.13/100 person per year;the proportion of persons who continued to receive medical care after 12 month therapy was 85.2%;the rate of HIV related knowledge among the public was 82.3%;the coverage of HIV preventive service among CSWs was as high as 96.98%;the rate of condom use among institution-based CSWs in the last sex trade was 89.54%;the proportion of CSWs who had correct understanding of sex route of HIV transmission was 81.17%,and the rate of persistent use of condom among HIV infected persons and AIDS patients reached 92.57%.Conclusion The community-based integrated AIDS prevention and control model in rural areas of Henan province has achieved remarkable outcomes and it is suggested that such a model should be employed in areas where HIV/AIDS is relatively prevalent.

Objective To investigate HIV infection via sex in Xinjiang,in order to provide guidance for the formulation of strategy to control and prevent sexual transmission of HIV.Methods Vistiors to 15 STD clinics in 5 cities of Xinjiang were asked to take blood and to be tested for HIV and RPR.At the same time,medical workers carried out the designed investigation.Result A total of 2 499 STD outpatients were investigated,among whom 28 samples were confirmed to be HIV positive and 145 samples were RPR positive;the infection rate was 1.12% and 5.80%,respectively,with male being 0.97% and female being 1.37% in the positive samples.The Han nationality had 8 HIV positive samples,and the Uygur nationality had 20 positive samples,with the positive rate being 0.44% and 3.49%,respectively.The Han nationality had 66 and the uygur had 79 in RPR positive samples,the positive rate being 3.66% and 13.79%,respectively.In 212 cases of syphilis 4 samples were HIV positive,the infection rate being 1.89%;in 420 cases of GU 10 samples were HIV positive,the infection rate being 2.38%.Our behavioral surveys found that those who 100% used condoms in their sex activities were free of HIV infection,while those who never used condoms had a high ratee of infection,up to 2.77%.Conclusion Sex transmission is becoming an important route of spreading HIV infection in Xinjiang,and therefore it is essential to strengthen serological and behavioral surveillance for high risk population and implement effective interventions for them.

Objective To probe into the characteristics of men who have sex with men living in small-medium sized cities and provide scientific foundation for the formulation of strategy for AIDS prevention and control.Methods A qualitative survey was carried out by convenience sampling for thirty one selected MSM.Results Interviewees had a large age gap,widely different occupations and various degrees of education;they depended mainly on internet and friends' contacts to find their sex partners;their knowledge about HIV/STDs was poor and they were indifferent to the risk of AIDs,but were faced with enormous psychological pressure.Multiple sex partners,unprotected anal intercourse were their main high risk behaviors,and they hoped to have access to free condoms,free HIV detection and hot line consultation.Conclusion To implement prevention in an effective manner,close attention should be paid to the role of key persons within the MSM group,to increasing knowledge of the target population,to protecting their mental health and to creating a friendly social environment for their existence and effective use of internet.

Objective To study the natural history of HIV infection among paid blood donors(PBD).Methods Two thousand three hundred and sixty four individuals infected with HIV/AIDS via blood donation in twelve villages of Henan province were included in this study,Retrospective data were analyzed in combination with a cross-sectional survey.Results The number of deaths were 709 among these 2 364 subjects under study by the end of 2004,with a mortality rate of 30.1%.Among 712 deaths,32.8% were companied with serious lung infections,18.1% were complicated with serious diarrhea,8.2%-with central nervous infections,8.2%-with cirrhosis,6.6%-with various types of cancers,3% died of suicide and 23% died with unclear cause.Of them 544 AIDS patients died before the ARV treatment was available in rural areas of Henan at the end of 2002,with a mortality rate of 23.0%.The median survival period for individuals with HIV infection was 9.5 years,and the median incubation period was about 8.5 years.Conclusion The median aurvival period for individuals with HIV infection via blood donation in rural areas of Henan was 9.5 years and the median incubation period was about 8.5 years among them.

Objective To determine the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in China,and provide information for managing STD case-reporting,investigating under-reporting and evaluating STD epidemic.Methods The gonorrhea and syphilis case-reporting data from 31 provinces in 2005 were collected with systematic sampling by months of February,May,August and November through National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the coverage of the casereporting by county category in 31 provinces were analyzed.Results The average coverage of gonorrhea case-reporting were 56.66%,66.33%,68.90% and 68.27% in February,May,August and November in 2005,respectively,while the average coverage of syphilis were 42.61%,55.56%,59.46% and 60.59% in these months,respectively.The coverage of case reporting in developed or southeast ern areas,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqi,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,and Fujian provinces was higher by more than 80%.However,the coverage in economically less-developed or west ern areas,including.Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Yunnan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Tibet provinces,was lower by less than 50%.Conclusions Overall,the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in the country is relatively low,which directly compromises the accuracy of STD case reporting data.It is suggested that management,surveillance and evaluation of STD case reporting should be strengthened,especially in economically less-developed or western areas.

Objective To understand the effect of interventions to prevent HIV mother-to-child transmission(MTCT).Methods A survey was conducted to study preventive interventions adopted for young children delivered by HIV positive mothers including children's medication after birth,feeding practice,modes of delivery and ART for mothers.Chi-square tests was used to analyze the differences in infection rate between children in the intervention group and control group.Results The infection rate in the intervention group was 2.75%,while that in the control group was 50.00%.There was significant difference between these two groups.Conclusion Timely ART provided for mothers and their babies and using artificial feeding can effectively reduce HIV mother-to-child transmission.