This paper summarizes the relationship between aflatoxin and primary liver cancer. The results show that the exposure to aflatoxin is consistent with p53 gene mutation. The variation of AFB1 detoxicate enzyme,AFB1 adduct and p53 gene mutation are conelated with occurrence of primary liver cancer.

Glioma is the most malignant tumor in CNS， the effect of present therapy is poor. A important discovery in tumor molecular biology is that the activation of oncogene and inactivation of tumor suppressor gene play an important role in the mechanism of tumorgenesis. The advances in the study of tumor suppressor genes in gliomas were reviewed.

The incidence of middle ear effusion due to radiotherapy of head and neck carcinoma is as high as 16—26 percent.Irradiation causes tissue reactions such as congestion,edema, mucositis and fibrosis, which is responsible for the postirradiation tubal dysfunction. The tubal function is worst 6 months after radiotherapy . The cancer disappears after radiotherapy, but the tubal dysfunction still would happen if inflammation and local radiotherapy-induced oedema exist. The tubal function improved at 5 years after radiotherapy if the irradiation dosage is below 70 Gy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The mean radiation dosage in the ears with patulous tubes compared for tubals with normal opening has no significant difference. The incidence of otorrhea is very high 2 years after radiotherapy in patients treated by myringotomy and ventilation tube insertion. The tubal function may become normal without treatment and patulous tubes may develope 5 to 10 years after radiotherapy.

Oestrogen(E), oestrogen receptor (ER) and oestrogen induced proteins form a cellular signal transduction pathway. As a member of this pathway, PS2 protein has close relations with gastric cancer. To elucidate its role in the course of tumourigenesis and advancing may contribute to the insight into the tumourigenic mechanisms and signal-transduction therapy of the gastric cancer.

Esophageal carcinoma is one of the top frequently occur malignant cancers, especially in Chinese.Studies on esophageal carcinoma have suggested that genetic predisposition, dietary or environmental factors, such as nitrosamine, tobacco smoking, malnutrition, trace element deficieny and fungus toxin could be important in the carcinogenesis of this cancer.

Purpose：To study occult neck metastasis and the effects of salvage treatment. Methods：18 patients with stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ oral tongue squamous carcinomas had not received previous treatment. The tongue primary was excised via the transoral route and the neck was observed closely during follow-up.Results：The incidence of occult neck matastasis was 44% (7/16). The salvage rate after appearance of nodal matastasis was 27%(3/7).Conclusions：In oral tongue cancers, elective neck treatment should be considered regardless of a small primary and negative neck examination because of the high incidence of occult nodal matastasis and the poor outcome after salvage treatment.

Purpose：To study the incidence of pneumonia, pathogenic bacteria and prognosis in patients with neoplasm after chemotherapy.Methods：Sputum culture was made by routine method. Then,to determine the kinds of bacteria bioMrieux ATB expression was used, and general drug-sensitivity test was done by Kirby-Bautr method.Results：Fever occured in 27.3% patients after chemotherapy, while pneumonia in 11.3% patients. 13 kinds of bacteria, 72 strains of bacteria and 2 kinds of fungi were found in 68 positive culture samples. The infection rates were 76.5% in infection of single bacteoia，23.5% in infection of two kinds of bacteria and 22.1% in bacteria with fungi. The infection rate of gram-negative bacteria is much higher than that of gram-positive ones (P＜0.01).Conclusions：The incidence of pneumonia in the hospital is higher in patients with neoplasm after chemotherapy. Most pathogenic bacteria are gram-negative and sensitive to aminoglycosides, piperacillin and norfloxacin.

Purpose：To evaluate the use of transrectal ultrasonography in diagnosis of prostate cancer.Methods：A high-frequency probe was used to examine 56 cases of prostate cancer transrectally and the sonographic features were analyzd. Results：On Trus image lesions were located in peripheral zone in 48(76.8%), transition zone in 8 (14.3%),and central zone in 5 (8.9%). 45 cases (80.4%) of the prostate cancer were hypoechoic,4(7.1%) were hyperechoic, 5(8.9%) had mixed echogenicity and 2 (3.6%)showed isoechoic appearance. Indirect signs represented prostatic asymmetry,intermittent capsular and dilation or disappear of the seminal vesicles.Conclusions：TRUS is imperative in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer.

Purpose：To determine the treatments and prognostic predictors of malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Methods：Surgical treatment and outcome was analyzed for 28 patients with malignant melanoma of the head and neck at department of the head and neck of our hospital (1984-1994). Results：23 patients underwent local excised as the first treatment, and local recurrence was demonstrated in 8 (34.8%). Margin of resection of primary melanoma was divided into narrow excision (≤2 cm) and wide excision (＞2 cm), and 5-year survival was 58% and 40%(P＜0.01). According to surgical methods, 5-year survival of WE, WE/END and WE/TLND were 80%, 80% and 39%. Conclusions：An excision with 2 cm margin is safe procedure for primary tumor of malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Neck dissection may not be practiced until neck lymph node is positive. Neck dissections differ from the positions of the primary tumors, and the flaps must be raised preferably superficial to the platysma.

Purpose：To study the expressions of p16 and CDK4 in human lung carcinoma. Methods：By using S-P immunohistochemical methods, the expressions of p16 and CDK4 in 62 cases of human lung carcnoma were studied. Results：The postive expressions for p16 and CDK4 protein were 58.1% and 48.4% respectively. A significant correlation was found between CDK4 overexpression and lymph node metastasis (P＜0.01). A significant correlation between the under expression of p16 and overexpression of CDK4 was found.Conclusions：The results suggested that CDK4 overexpression plays an important role in metastasis of lung carcinoma.