The predominant type of head and neck cancer is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which needs more effective treatment. As a highly immunosuppressive malignancy, HNSCC has 3 major mechanisms including induction of immune tolerance, local immune evasion, and disruption of T-cell signaling. Immune checkpoint plays a critical role in the function of T-cell and rapid development has been achieved by inhibiting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). As anti-PD1 humanized monoclonal antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab have proven to be effective in the salvage treatment for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC, further investigation is awaited.

Due to the limited efficacy of traditional therapies, the risk of death in patients with advanced thyroid cancer remains high. In recent years, targeted chemotherapy has shown prospective effects on inhibiting the growth of thyroid cancer and prolonging progression-free survival in these patients, but also brings some clinical confusion. Consequently, this paper reviewed the application status and clinical problems of targeted chemotherapy in thyroid cancer. In addition, treatment strategies of thyroid cancer and the future perspectives were also presented.

Surgery, selective radioiodine therapy and thyroid stimulating hormone suppressive therapy are the standard treatment modalities for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). After therapy, most DTC patients could get good prognosis. However, some patients with distant metastasis lose the ability to concentrate radioiodine at early time or during the treatment, and develop radioiodine-refractory DTC (RAIR-DTC). These patients progress quickly and have high mortality. Looking for effective treatments for these patients has been the hot spot in research of thyroid carcinoma. In this paper, we summarized the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of RAIR-DTC, hoping to early identify these patients and buy time for early intervention of other possible beneficial treatments such as targeted therapy and radiotherapy.

The da Vinci Surgical System has developed and great progress has been made recently in surgery. Despite lack of applications in tumors of head and neck, its advantages, such as minimally invasive procedure and rapid recovery, show great prospects. In this article, we reviewed the surgical method, indication, advantages and prospects of its application in tumors of head and neck.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is one of the most serious complications associated with thyroid cancer surgery. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) in preventing recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy during thyroid cancer surgery, analyze and elaborate the theory, operation standard, application, benefits and disadvantage based on clinical practice.

Background and purpose:miR-22 has been reported to be down-regulated in gastric cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. However, its expression in glioma was still poorly known. This study aimed to explicit whether miR-22 suppresses cell proliferation by targeting MTDH, thus to reveal molecular mechanism that miR-22 functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma. Methods:Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted for detecting the expression of miR-22 in gliomas and normal brain tissues. MTDH 3’UTR-luciferase vector was constructed and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to examine the effect of miR-22 on luciferase activity. U251 cells were transfected with miR-22 mimics, and MTDH siRNA as for postive control, then Western blot was performed to detect the expressions of MTDH protein. The proliferation ability of U251 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Results:miR-22 was down-regulated in glioma tissues. Glioma patients with relatively high expression of miR-22 showed lower mortality compared with low expression of miR-22 by using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. We demonstrated miR-22 could bind to the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of MTDH and inhibited the luciferase activity. Western blot showed that the expression of MTDH protein was inhibited by restored miR-22 or siR MTDH in U251 cells. Overexpression of miR-22 or siR MTDH inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells. Conclusion:miR-22 suppresses cell proliferation by targeting MTDH in glioma.

PURPOSE In order to correct the wrong point of view which considered the colorectal adenoma with malignant change as early stage of carcinoma or as carcinoma with low grade malignancy and to avoid performing simple operation unreasonably. METHODS 148 cases of colorectal adenoma with malignant change which were treated in our department in 1995-1997 were submitted to a retrospective study. RESULTS We find only 27 cases (18. 8%) whose malignant changes were localized in the layers of mucosa.mucosalmuscle and submucosa,72 cases (50. 0 % , whose malignant changes had penetrated to the layer of serosa, and 43 cases (30. 7 % ) had lymph nodes metastases,18 cases (12. 5%) had blood metastases or implantations. We also find 51 cases (35. 5%) that couldn't get a definite diagnoses of malignant changes although 1-3 times of biopsies had been made before operation. and of them in fact 39 cases (74. 3%)had malignant changes that had penetrated to the layers muscle and serosa ,10 cases (19.6%) had metastases of lymph nodes and 7 cases (13. 7%) and blood metastases or implantations. CONCLUSION The adenoma with malignant change can not be considered as the early stage of carcinoma. We can not say the adenoma whose diagnosis was made by 1 - 3 times of biopsies is a real adenoma and certainly has no malignant change. We can not say the tumor whose original diagnosis was adenoma still belongs to the early stage of carcinoma either. So we suggest to treat the adenoma with malignant change correctly,aviod performing simple operation unreasonably.

PURPOSE Expression of Rb and p53 gene in gastric carcinomas and its relationship to prognosis as well as clinico pathology were investigated.METHODS Expression of Rb and p53 products and p53 gene mutation in gastric carcinomas were analysed by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridazation.RESULTS p53 gene mutation was found in 6/20(30%).Over expression of Rb and p53 products was found in 62/85(72.94%) and 42/85(49.41%).Both the positive grades showed significant inverse correlation with patient survival( P

Human papillomavirus is an oncogenic DNA virus and has more than 90 subtypes. High risk types (HPV 16, 18, 33) are associated with many kinds of malignant neoplasms of head and neck. The HPV DNA can induce mutations of p53, RB genes and increase cell transformation and over proliferation. The frequences of HPV positive are different in malignant neoplasms from different head and neck sites. HPV was more often detected in squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or lymphoma, the expression of HPV was quite low. The detection of HPV in cervical metastatic lymph nodes can improve diagnosis of primary sites.

Pathogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma is a complicated process of polygene action. In recent years, it was recognized that the genes with relation to pathogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma include proto oncogenes, suppress genes and apoptosis gene. The three sorts of genes correlate with molecular pathology process of gastric carcinoma in various periods, and it certainly appears rules. The detection of some gastric carcinoma related genes are important in early diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor.