This review dealt with biology, host-parasite relationship, symptomatology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment of Entamoeba histolytica infection and free livng amoeba.
parasitology-protozoa ; Entamoeba histolytica ; Entabmoeba gingivalis ; Trichomonas tenax ; Naegleria sp. ; Naegleria fowleri ; Acanthamoeba lenticulata ; Acanthamoeba sp. ; biology ; epidemiology ; diagnosis ; chemotherapy ; metronidazole ; onidazole ; tinidazole

A survey on rats and rat-fleas was performed in costal area of Korea during 1972 in Inchon, Kunsan, Yosu, Busan and other areas. The number of the caught rats was 1,448. Total number of collected fleas was 2,480. Geographical distribution were described. Flea index was in 1.71 total. Mothly flea indices were 0.35-0.84 in January to March, 2.13-2.59 in April to June, 0.58 in July and 1.82-4.91 in August to November. Mortality rate of X. cheopsis to various concentration of DDT in 1 hour exposure were 43.8 % in 4.0 %, 30.4 % in 1.0 %. In 24 hours exposure, the mortalities were 100 % in 4.0 %, 91.5 % in 2.0 %, 73.5 % in 1.0 % and 37.0 % in 0.5 % DDT.
parasitology-arthropoda-flea ; rat ; Xenopsylla cheopis ; Monopsyllus anisus ; Nosopsyllus fasciatus ; Leptopsylla segnis ; Ctenophthalmus cong. congeneroides ; Ctenocephalides canis ; Nosopsyllus nicanus ; Rhadinopsylla attenuata ; epidemiology ; insecticide ; DDT-chemotherapy ; DDT

Prevalence study of Metagonimus yokogawai infection, survey of intermediate hosts of Metagonimus yokogawai and food habits of raw sweetfish among inhabitants along Boseong river (120 km), Jeonra Nam Do (province) were carried out. The results are summarized as follows: Among 360 examined, the egg positive case were 128(35.6 percent); male 112(46.7 percent), female 16(13.3 percent). The prevalence rates were different by geographical areas; 42.4 percent in down stream, 49.4 percent in middle stream and 13.3 percent in upper stream. By ages, highest rate, 53.6-59.1 percent was observed among 30-49 group (male 69.6-73.0 percent, female 15.8-35.5 percent). Eggs per gram of feces were 2,084 (200-12,280) in average; down stream 1,708, middle stream 2,590, upper stream l,550. By social strata, the prevalence showed differences; 24.8 percent in primary schoolchildren, 78.4 percent in school teacher and local officers, 30.6 percent in general inhabitants. Clonorchis sinensis infected cases in the areas were 21(5.8 percent) out of 360 examined, and 90.5 percent of them showed mixed infection with Metagonimus yokogawai. Cercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai from the lst intermediate host, Semisulcospira sp., in down and middle streams were detected from 32 snails (5.9 percent) out of 545 examined. All the 22 Plecoglossus altivelis which were caught from the down stream were infected with metacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai. The number of the metacercariae detected was 22,650 per fish in average, and the number increased from August to October. Experiences of raw sweetfish intake of the inhabitants were found in 208(58.4%) among 356 interviewed by questionaire form (male 76.7 percent, female 20.7 percent). Means of acquisition of the sweetfish were mostly by purchase 68.8 percent, and seasonally in summer. Reason of the raw sweetfish intake was due to the flavor, 83.2 percent. The fish were mixed in soy sause with vinegar before the intake.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; metagonimiasis ; epidemiology

: Fates of degranulated mast cells by challenge of the homologous antigen to the Clonorchis sinensis infected rats, and the extruded granules were examined by means of light and electron microscopy. The whole experiment was carried out six weeks after the Clonorchis infection and an observation was made at 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 hours after the antigen challenges. The abdomen of the infected rat was cut open by 2 centimeters and the antigen was directly inoculated to mesentery, then again sutured. According to the scheduled period, the rat was sacrificed. The challenged portion was cut out and followed by dying procedure. The results of the observation are summarized as follows: Degranulation was observed within one hour without noticeable change of the granules. Three hours after the inoculation, the shed granules were phagocytized by macrophage surrounding the mast cells. They were aggregated in the cytoplasm. In 5 days phagocytosis phenomenon were almost completed but still some granules were scattered in surroundings upto 12 hours. The nucleus of the degranulated cell appeared clearly in contrast to normal cells which were killed with granules. Membrane became to normal, and the granules which were not expelled out agglomerated in a large cavity. The above resulst suggest that the partially degranulated mast cells do not disintegrate, but recover to normal, and expelled granules are phagocytized by macrophages.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; pathology ; histology ; rat ; phagocytosis ; mast cell ; granule

A single dose of Tetramisole, 2.5 mg/kg body weight, was given to the infected cases of intestinal parasites. The number of cases were: Ascaris lumbriocides 96, hookworm 16, Trichostrongylus orientalis 10, Trichocephalus trichiurus 114 and Clonorchis sinensis 19. No dietary restriction before and after the administration of Tetramisole was required. In Ascaris infection the egg negative conversion rate and the egg reduction rate were 92.7 per cent and 99.5 per cent, respectively. In Trichostrongylus orientalis infections, 9 out of 10 cases were resulted egg negative after the single dose of Tetramisole, and hookworm, 12 out of 16 administered showed egg negative. However, there were no appreciable effectiveness to the cases of Trichocephalus trichiurus and Clonorchis sinensis. Mild and transient side effects were noted in 75 cases (54.5%) out of 140 cases. The main symptoms were dizziness (25.5%), anorexia (25.5%), abdominal pain (18.6%), diarrhea (16.6%), headache (15.2%), nausea (14.4%) and fever (11.0%). From the above results, it is anticipated that Tetramisole is an effective anthelminthic for elimination of Ascaris, Trichostrongylus and hookworm.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-nematoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Trichostrongylus orientalis ; Trichocephalus trichiurus ; Clonorchis sinensis ; chemotherapy-Tetramisole ; 2,3,5,6,- tetrahydro 6- phenyl-imidazole (2,1-b) thiazole hydrochloride ; dizziness ; anorexia ; abdominal pain ; diarrhea ; headache ; nausea ; fever ; Tetramisole

The phamacological and anthelmintic action of Lysimachia clethroides were examined. Upon examining the action of water, ether, alcohol and acetone extrcts of the root on smooth muscle, it was found that the active principle was weakened by heating. Water and ether extracts inhibited the dehydrogenase of the worm. In 50 percent of 8 areas studied, Taenia were completely eliminated with 2.5-4.0 gm doses of the ether extracts, and no toxic effect was observed by the administration of the above-mentioned doses.
parasitology-chemotherapy ; Taenia sp. ; Lysimachia clethroides

A complete but abnormal form of Taenia worm was obtained from an 18-year-old male student in Cheju Island, Korea, which has been known as a heavy endemic area of Taenia saginata and few of T. solium. There was an apical hookless eminence in the scolex, longitudinal white line along the middle portion of entire strobila, double genital pores and several lateral buddings from the strobila. It was considered an abnormal form of Taenia species, probably T. saginata.
parasitology-helminth-cestoda-Taenia saginata ; Taenia sp. ; case report

The present report deals with the behaviour of mast cells in mice in the course of Entamoeba histolytica infection by the strains. Mice weighing about l6 gm were used for three experimental groups; control, sham infection and experimental. The experimental group was infected with Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites directly into cecum by laparotomy. Strains isolated from three hepatic amoebic abscess cases were used. Mesenteric samples from the region of terminal ileum were fixed in methyl alcohol and stained with Pugh's solution. The ulcers in cecum were examined. Changes in number and structure of mesenteric mast cells and blood eosinophils were as follows. The number of mast cell in mesenteric tissues of the infected group increased from first day of the infection and persisted up to 34th day of the observation period. Degranulation and disruption of mast cells increased in the infected group compared with groups of the sham operation and the contro1, but showed no difference by the strains of Entamoeba histolytica. The blood eosinophilia was observed in the infected group and persisted until the observation period. Ulcers in cecum were found in all the infected groups. The results above indicate that mast cells are keenly related with the course of Entamoeba histolytica infection.
parasitology-protozoa- Entamoeba histolytica ; mast cell ; pathology ; mouse ; amoebiasis ; cecum

The amebicidal activity of traditional anitiamoebic drug (emetine, carbasone, diodoquin, chloroquine, atabrine, chloramphenicol and tertracycline) and newly appeared chemicals(niridazole, metronidazole and No. 8603 substance) were assayed by in vitro experiment using five strains of human originated E, histolytica. The variety of amebicidal activity of drugs by the strains were discussed. Ranges of amoebicidal activity of traditional antiamoebic drugs kept almost similar titers of previous reports at the concentration; 1:5,000 to 1:20,000 with emetine hydrochloride, 1:10.000 to 1:20,000 with carbarsone, 1:8,000 to 1:16,000 with diodoquin, 1:50,000 with chloroquine, 1:1,000 to 1: 4,000 with atabrine ,1:1,000 to 1:2,000 with chloramphencol and 1:5,000 to 1:8,000 with tetracycline. The newly appeared chemicals showed higher amebicidal titres at the concentration; 1:500,000 to 1:5,000,000 with niridazole, 1:50,000 to 1:100,000 with metronidazol and 1:100,000 to 1:500,000 with No.8603 substance. Emetine, chloramphenicol and No. 8603 substance showed amebicidal activities at lower concentration to intestine originated amebae (YS 14, YS 15 and NAMRU II strain) than to liver originated amebae (YS 24 and YS 25 strain ), while carbarsone, chloroquine and metronidazole showed the activity at higher concentrations. Diodoquin showed lower amebicidal titres to trophozoite borne amebae (NAMRU II, YS 24 and YS 25 strain) than to cyst borne amebae(YS 14 and YS 15 strain), but niridazole showed converse results. The concentration of atabrine for amebicidal activity was not constant according to strains of the amoeba, but tetracycline showed almost settled titers.
parasitology-protozoa ; Entamoeba histolytica ; virulence ; in-vitro ; chemotherapy ; emetine ; carbasone ; diodoquin ; chloroquine ; atabrine ; chloramphenicol ; tertracycline ; niridazole ; metronidazole ; No. 8603 substance

The effects of Clonorchis sinensis, Hymenolepis nana and Toxocara canis infection on fat absorption in the intestine were studied. For this purpose, I131-Triolein was given to the animals which were infected by those parasites, and amounts of the excretion in the feces were counted and following results were obtained. In the Clonorchis sinensis infected group, the excretion of Triolein was increased to 4. 10~4.49% compared with that of the control group. In the Hymenolepis nana infected group, the excretion of Triolein was increased to 4~5% compared with that of control group. In the Toxocara canis infected group, the excretion was about twice as much as that of the control group. It is concluded that parasite infection in digestive system diminishes fat absorption in gastrointestinal tract of the host.
Animals ; Fats/*metabolism ; Feces/analysis ; *Intestinal Absorption ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*metabolism ; Iodine Radioisotopes/diagnostic use ; Rats ; Triolein/diagnostic use