IntroductionAlthough systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relatively common autoimmune disorder, thebroad range of associated clinical symptoms means that its diagnosis can be diffi cult. Anti-ds-DNAautoantibodies are also considered to play a pathogenic role in inducing renal symptoms in SLE, anda strong correlation has been seen in lupus nephritis (LN) between disease activity and anti-ds-DNAautoantibody levels.GoalThe aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and levels of autoantibodies in the serum ofpatients with Systemic lupus erythematosus.Materials and MethodsThis patient-based descriptive study involved 39 patients with LN and 74 controls with primaryglomerulonephritis (GN). Face to face interview was used to obtain necessary information followed bythe physical examination and autoantibodies (anti-ds-DNA, anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, c/p-ANCA, anti-Sm) measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Germany, ORGENTEC Diagnostic GmbH).ResultsThe prevalence of anti-ds-DNA 48.7%, anti-SS-A/Ro 56.4%, anti-Smith 38.5%, anti-SS-B/La 12.8%were positive in lupus nephritis group (secondary GN), the prevalence of anti-ds-DNA 6.76%, anti-SS-A/Ro 6.76%, anti-Smith 2.7%, anti-SS-B/La 2.7% were positive in primary GN group.Conclusions: SLE associated with several autoantibodies (anti-ds-DNA, anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-Smith,and anti-SS-B/La) and each of which are very useful in distinguishing patients with SLE from otherautoimmune diseases and GN.

INTRODUCTION: In the modern medical practice of Mongolia, autoimmune diseases have notbeen diagnosed in its early stage. The autoantibodies are useful in the patient’s early diagnosis,prognosing, and treatment of autoimmune diseases.GOAL: The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and levels of autoantibodies in theserum of patients with autoimmune diseases.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This patient-based descriptive study involved 144 participants, withconfirmed diagnosis of autoimmune disease and glomerulonephritis (GN). Face to face interviewwas used to obtain necessary information followed by the physical examination and autoantibodies(anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, anti-SCL-70, c/p-ANCA, anti-GBM, anti-Sm) measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-SS-A/Ro 38.6%, anti-Sm 25.7%, anti-SS-B/La 8.6%, c-ANCA7.14%, anti-SCL-70 1.4% were positive in autoimmune disease group (secondary GN), theprevalence of anti-SS-A/Ro 6.8%, anti-Sm 2.7%, anti-SS-B/La 2.7%, c-ANCA 1.4% were positivein primary GN group. A higher frequency of anti-SS-A/Ro 66.4%, anti-SS-B/La 22.8%, and anti-Sm38.4% was observed in the SLE group.CONCLUSIONS: Patients with autoimmune disease was significantly higherly younger and female.SLE associated with several auto antibodies (anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, and anti-Sm) and eachof which are very useful in distinguishing patients with SLE from other autoimmune diseases.

Background Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is a multi-systemic autoimmune disease with numerous patterns of clinical and immunological manifestations. Renal disease in SLE occurs in 40–75% of patients, most often within five years of disease onset, and is one of the strongest predictors of a poor outcome. Anti-dsDNA antibodies are reported to be more prevalent in patients with SLE who have renal disease. Anti-Sm, anti SSA and anti SSB antibodies are also considered to play a pathogenic role in inducing renal symptoms in SLE, and a strong correlation has been seen in lupus nephritis (LN) between disease activity and anti-dsDNA antibody levels. Objective The aim of our study is to highlight the clinical and laboratory features in SLE patients. Methods This is a three year hospital based case-control study of patients with renal diseases, who were admitted to the nephrology and rheumatology units of the 1st central Hospital and 3rd central hospital, Mongolia. Standard methods were used for laboratory testing. Autoantibodies (C/P-ANCA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, anti-Scl-70, anti-GBM) measured by Enzyme Immuno Assay (Germany, ORGENTEC Diagnostika GmbH). Renal function was evaluated by the eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Result The study included 27 patients with lupus nephritis and 78 controls with other types of GN. There were 85.2% of female patients in the lupus nephritis group. Patients with LN were significantly younger than the controls (mean (SD) 31.9 (10.1) years vs. 37.1 (11.9) years; p=0.036). For the serology, a higher proportion of anti dsDNA (46.1%), anti Sm (29.6%), anti SSA (63%) and anti SSB (11.1%) were seen in the group with lupus nephritis (p=0.001; p=0.043; p<0.0001; p=0.096, respectively). The Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that the level of anti-dsDNA (r=-0.249, p=0.021) and anti SSA (r=-0.195, p=0.048) were significantly correlated with the renal function (eGFR). All had dipstick proteinuria 1+/2+/3+, more than 10 red blood cells/hpf hematuria (n-12, 44.4%) in lupus nephritis group and renal function (mean eGFR (SD) 88.1 (51.3) ml/min vs. 112.3 (67) ml/min; p=0.05) was more decreased in lupus nephritis patients than controls. Conclusion Notably, rising titers of antibodies to dsDNA, SSA may indicate exacerbations of glomerulonephritis.

Kidney transplantation is the best alternative treatment for end-stage renal disease and health-related quality of life and survival of the patients are improved compared with dialysis. Worldwide, more than 1.4 million patients with CKD receive renal replacement therapy with incidence growing by approximately 8% annually.1 Unfortunately, despite significant improvement in graft function, kidney transplants can still fail due to acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy.2 Kidney biopsy after transplantation, which has evaluated by Banff 09 classification is usefull method for diagnose of transplanted kidney disease.3,4Kidney graft rejection was diagnosed in 10 renal allograft biopsy specimens (bs) obtained from transplant patients followed up at our institute between 2015 and 2016. All specimens were evaluated as satisfactory which show more than 8 glomerulus under the light microscopy. Each renal cortical tissue was divided into two tips: one piece for routine H&E stain and special stains, including Masson’s trichrome, and PAS stain; another piece for immunofluorescence by frozen section, which were stained with IgA, IgM, IgG and complement component (C3, C4, C1q, C4d). All the renal biopsies were examined by the same pathologist.Out of 117 transplantations, 10 episodes of rejection selected. Among the 10 patients, 30% had an acute T cell rejection and 70% had a chronic allograft nephropathy. Interstitial inflammation (i1-7) was present in 7 bs (70%), tubulitis (t1-4,t2-2) in 6 bs (60%), transplant glomerulitis (g1-1, g2-2, g3-1) in 4 bs (40%), transplant interstitial fibrosis (ci1-2, ci2-2, ci3-2) in 6 bs (60%), tubular atrophy (ct1-6, ct2-2, ct3-1) in 9 bs (90%), mesangial matrix increase (mm1-5) in 5 bs (50%), vascular fibrosis intimal thickeness (cv1-3) in 3 bs (30%), arteriolar hyaline thickening (ah1-5) in 5 bs (50%), tubulitis (ti1-6, ti2-3, ti3-1) in 10 bs (100%) and peritubular capillaritis (ptc1-1, ptc2-2, ptc3-1) in 4 bs (40%). C4d deposition was present very mild in wall of the vessels and peritubular capillaries. Because of not good working Methenamin silver stain, we couldn’t demostrate glomerular basement membrane changes (cg) fully.We suggest that histopathological changes of transplant glomerulopathy might be accompanied by inflammation of the microvasculature, such as transplant glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis. C4d deposition in the wall of the vessels and peritubular capillaritis is not always present in biopsy specimens of transplant glomerulopathy.

Background: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit is used abundantly in order to measure the quantity of agents and their antibodies. Introducing the production of the kit in our own country for research and diagnostic uses will be beneficial for economy and time. Goal: Producing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of IL-2 cytokine in biological fluids. Materials and Methods: Elisa kits made by R&D systems in USA were used in our study. Anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody was diluted with concentrations of 0.5-3μg/ml in polystyrene well, and then incubated with conjugate solution of pH 7.2-7.4 for 12 hours with the purpose of measuring the optimal starting concentration for the conjugate antibody. Later, the reaction was blocked with PBS blocking buffer with 1% BSA (Bovine serum albumin) for an hour. After washing the wells, 100ul of standard solutions with concentrations of 7.81-2000pg/ul were added and incubated for 60 or 120 minutes. Subsequently, secondary antibody and streptavidin-HRP were added as substrate, and the reaction was terminated with stop solution. Absorbance was measured immediately at 450 nm optical densities, and then regression equation was calculated using standard curve. Result: The light absorbance was insufficient when then dilution of starting concentration for the conjugate antibody was 0.5μg/ml and the light absorbance decreased as the concentration of conjugate antibody reduced. The light absorbance increased when the concentration was 2-4μg/ml, but the standard curve was constructed nonlinear. When standard curve was constructed with 1 ug/ml, the regression equation had R2=0.96, which identifies the optimal concentration. The results were analogous when the incubation times were 60 and 120 minutes with the concentration of 4μg/ml. Conclusion The optimal condition for determining IL-2 cytokine was when ELISA conjugate concentration was 1μg/ml (sample and conjugate) and incubation time was 120 minutes, and the regression equation from the standard curve was y=0.0013x+0.1901, R²=0.96.

Background: Rhododendron adamsii (Sagaan Dalya) is a medical plant widely distributed in the Altai region, Mongolia, and Russia. It is traditionally used for its calming, restorative, and immune-boosting properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, involving macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. In collaboration with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a project was initiated to investigate the bioactive fractions of Rh. rosea (L.) and Rh. adamsii and their effects on the production of TLR4 signaling end products and associated protein activation. Previous studies within this project have shown that certain bioactive fractions exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, fraction 7.11 suppressed NO production and inflammatory signaling molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while fractions 7.46 and 7.52 influenced the phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK1/2, JNK, and IRF3. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the effects of Rh. adamsii bioactive fractions on inflammatory signaling pathways. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive fractions derived from Rhododendron adamsii on the production of TLR4 signaling end products in RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures and bioactive fractions extracted from Rh. adamsii, dividing the experiments into three groups. After stabilization, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. Based on previous studies, non-toxic concentrations of bioactive fractions (10 µg/mL) were applied. NO production was measured using the Griess assay, while TNF-α and IFN-β cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Each experiment were repeated three times, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0, applying One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test. Results: The NO production in the positive control group was significantly higher compared to the negative control. In contrast, the experimental groups showed a statistically significant reduction in NO production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling in macrophages. However, fraction 7.48 reduced TNF-α levels while increasing IFN-β production, but these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, fraction 7.55 slightly reduced TNF-α and IFN-β levels, but the effect was also statistically unsignificant. Conclusion The bioactive fractions 7.48 and 7.55 of Rh. Adamsii reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line cultures, suggesting that they may inhibit TLR4 signaling. However, their lack of effect on TNF-α and IFN-β production indicates that they do not influence TLR4 signaling mediated by these cytokines. Instead, they may affect the final product output through other pathways or different stages of signal transduction.

Background: Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine to treat systemic inflammatory disease for many years. For instance, Rhodiola rosea L extracts were used to enhance behavioural stresses for improving fatigue and depression. Gallic acid, found in Rhodiola rosea L and Rhodiola quidrifida is, a natural polyphenol, exhibits multiple therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic effects. Saposhnikovia divaricate (its ethanol extract mainly) notified to support function of musculoskeletal tissue and to enhance tissue regeneration by its anti-inflammatory effect. The Salsola laricifolia L has been studied for its strong antioxidant activity, improve immune function, boost energy, and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. This study allowed us to screen anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal plants and future therapeutic possibility. Aim: To study the content of phenolic compounds (gallic acid) in the composition of complex products of plants widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine, which have been found to have biological activity of the extracts Materials and Methods: The herbal extract was extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, Saposhnikovia divaricata (Tuscz) Schischk, Rhodiola quidrifida Pall.Fisch, Salsola laricifolia Turcz.ex Litv in laboratory of the Drug Research Institute of Monos Group, Mongolia. We used solvents for HPLC grade was used to identify the bioactive components that Gallic acid in the compound plant extract. : Results: The bioactive compounds in each of the Rhodiola rosea L, Rhodiola quadrifida Pall.Fisch and four medicinal plant extracts were identified using HPLC, confirming the presence of Gallic acid. Conclusion Our research results showed that the quantitative content of Gallic acid in the composite plant extract was high, at 1.02%.

Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic tempera ment, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.