The genus Chrysothrix is very common around the world and easy to be recognized by its bright yellowish granular thallus. In this study, investigations of lichen mycota in South Korea and Chile from 2010 to 2017 have been done, and some Chrysothrix specimens were collected, based on the morphological and chemical study on these specimens, five species were confirmed in this study, including one new species from Chile, Chrysothrix chilensis D. Liu & J.-S Hur, and one new record from South Korea, C. xanthina (Vain.) Kalb. Meanwhile, detail description and illustration for each species were present in this study.
Chile* ; Classification ; Korea* ; Lichens

The review article presents some of the history of how paleoparasitology started in Brazil, making highlight the great responsible Dr. Luiz Fernando Ferreira and Dr. Adauto Araújo, the trajectory of paleoparasitology in Brazil since 1978 and its performance in science to the present day. In sequence, it is made a presentation of parasitological findings on human remains found in archaeological sites in South America, highlighting Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru, where major discoveries have occurred. Many of the parasites found in archaeological material and mentioned in this review went out of Africa with the peopling of Europe and from there they dispersed around the world, where climatic conditions allow the transmission. However, humans have acquired other parasites of animals, since humans invaded new habitats or creating new habits adopting new technologies, thus expanding its range of influence on the environment. Thus, this review article is finalized with information that explain the importance of these findings in the interaction between parasites, human host, and ambient.
Africa ; Animals ; Argentina ; Brazil* ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans* ; Parasites ; Peru ; South America*

A statistical study was done on the feeding trends of 2,965 children who had visited both the out-patient clinic and the well-baby clinic of Padiatric Department, St. Benedict Hosp., from Sept., 1979 to Aud., 1980. 1) Among the total 2,965 children, the distribution according to age was about the same. The percentage of male and female was 58.5% respectively. As for geographical area of the cases, the majority were from Busan City Kyung Nam Province and the percentage was 96% and 3% respectively. 2) As for the methods of feeding, breast-feeding was 65%, artificial-feeding 18% and mixed-feeding 15%. 81% among the total cases had been on breast-feeding at one time or another. 3) As for feeding trends according to age, the younger the chile was, the more frequent the chance of artificial feeding. 4) Breast-feeding was less common in the children of premature delivery than children of full-term delivery. 5) Breast-feeding was less common among children with difficult delivery than children with easy delivery. 6) Breast-feeding was less common among children of hospital delivery than children of home delivery. 7) The higher the education level of the mother, the less common breast-feeding was. 8) Breast-feeding was less common among children from Busan City than children from Kyung Nam Province. 9) As for the beginning of feeding, in case of breast-feeding 56% were from 3rd day after bitrh and also in case of mixed-feeding 56% were from 3rd day after birth. 10) As for the duration of breas-feeding children with more than 12months of breast-feeding were most common(48%) and children with less than 6months of breast-feeding least common(8%). 11) The reasons for breast-feeding or mixed-feeding were not enough breast-milk 59%), mother's job 8%), baby's illness 8%), mother's illness 6%) and mother's breast problem 4%) by its frequency.
Breast ; Busan ; Child ; Chile ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mothers ; Nutritional Support ; Outpatients ; Parturition ; Statistics as Topic*

Salmonella (S.) enterica and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens. Here, we report the prevalence of S. enterica and STEC in feces of 316 zoo animals belonging to 61 species from Chile. S. enterica and STEC strains were detected in 7.5% and 4.4% of animals, respectively. All Salmonella isolates corresponded to the serotype Enteritidis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. Enteritidis in the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus), black-capped capuchin (Sapajus apella) and Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus) and the first STEC report in Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii).
Animals ; Animals, Zoo* ; Chile* ; Feces ; Prevalence* ; Salmonella enterica* ; Salmonella* ; Serogroup ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli*

PURPOSE: To determine dental students' motivational profiles through a person-centred approach and to analyse the associations with the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, study strategies, academic performance, self-esteem, and vitality. METHODS: A total of 924 students from the University of San Sebastian (Chile) participated in this cross-sectional correlational study in spring 2016. Data were collected through 5 self-reported instruments, in addition to students' academic performance. The Cronbach alpha, descriptive statistics, and correlation scores were computed. A k-means cluster analysis with intrinsic and controlled motivation was conducted to identify different mo-tivational profiles. Subsequently, multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for the effects of gender and year of study was carried out to assess differences among the retained motivational profiles and learning variables. RESULTS: All instruments showed acceptable Cronbach alpha scores. A 4-cluster solution was retained for the motivational profile over a 3- or 5-cluster solution. Students' motiva-tional profiles were characterized by different degrees of intrinsic and controlled motivation. The high intrinsic motivation groups showed higher perceptions of their basic psychological, a greater propensity for a deep rather than surface study strategy, better academic performance, and higher scores for self-esteem and vitality than the low intrinsic motivation groups, regardless of the degree of controlled motivation. CONCLUSION: Students with a high intrinsic motivation profile, regardless of their controlled motivation scores, reported better learning characteristics. Therefore, special attention should be paid to students' motivational profiles, as the quality of motivation might serve as a basis for interventions to support their academic success and well-being.
Chile ; Humans ; Learning ; Motivation ; Multivariate Analysis ; Personal Satisfaction ; Self Concept ; Students, Dental

OBJECTIVES: To understand the personal experiences of mine workers that have experienced job relocation due to silicosis at the Andina Division of Corporacion Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO), Chile. The purpose of the study was to provide useful information for the development of new local, business and public policies for the care of workers with silicosis. METHODS: A qualitative study based on a practical case study of 5 workers. The information was collected by means of structured individual interviews. The method of analysis was phenomenology. RESULTS: The corporal axis was the most commented upon. It included awareness of the illness, body pains, fatigue, and antagonistic mood disorders (sadness, or the difficulty in finding meaning in life). As far as personal relationships, there was evidence of strong relationships with family, coworkers and friends, as well as extended family. Over all, the experience of relocation was positive with periods of impatience and uncertainty. The job reassignment provided a new and pleasant context for the relocated workers and in the process improved their perception of their quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary team should attend mine workers relocated because of silicosis by addressing the mental and physical aspects of their disease, along with the integral participation of close family members. It is suggested that this investigation be maintain over time to record the personal experiences in the medium-term, adding new cases with the intention of shedding more light on the phenomenon being studied. As a preventive measure, continual workshops are needed on the proper use of respiratory protection in addition, a group of monitors is required.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Chile ; Commerce ; Fatigue ; Friends ; Humans ; Intention ; Light ; Mood Disorders ; Public Policy ; Quality of Life ; Silicosis ; Uncertainty

Leishmaniasis is a neglected and endemic disease that affects poorest population mainly in developing countries. A lack of adequate and definitive chemotherapeutic agents to fight against this infection has led to the investigation of numerous compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of boldine against Leishmania amazonensis murine cell infection. Boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxy-aporphine) is an aporphine alkaloid found abundantly in the leaves/bark of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), a widely distributed tree native to Chile. The in vitro system consisted of murine macrophage infection with amastigotes of L. amazonensis treated with different concentrations from 50 to 600 μg/ml of boldine for 24 hr. Intracellular parasite destruction was assessed by morphological examination and boldine cytotoxicity to macrophages was tested by the MTT viability assay. When cells were treated with 100 μg/ml of boldine the reduction of parasite infection was 81% compared with untreated cultures cells. Interestingly, boldine-treatment caused a concentration-dependent decrease of macrophage infection that culminated with 96% of reduction when cells were submitted to 600 μg/ml of boldine. Cell cultures exposed to 100 μg/ml of boldine and 300 μg/ml of Glucantime® during 24 hr showed a significant reduction of 50% in parasitized cells compared with cell cultures exposed just to Glucantime®. The study showed that treatment with boldine produces a better effect than treatment with the reference antimonial drug, glucantime, in L. amazonensis infected macrophage. Our results suggest that boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Cell Culture Techniques ; Chile ; Developing Countries ; Endemic Diseases ; In Vitro Techniques ; Leishmania* ; Leishmaniasis ; Macrophages ; Neglected Diseases ; Parasites ; Peumus ; Trees

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was 1) to confirm the reliability and validity of a Korean version of Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (K-WPSI), 2) to investigate the psychosocial functioning of epilepsy patients from Korea, and 3) to compare with other countries. METHODS: The subjects were 302 patients with epilepsy (above 18years). They completed K-WPSI of 132 items including 11 subscales:family background, emotional adjustment, interpersonal adjustment, adjustment to seizures, medical management, overall psychological functioning, Blank, Lie and Rare. We assessed internal consistency, item-subscale correlations, and split-half reliability. Construct validity was assessed by correlating scales of Psychosocial Rating Sheet and K-WPSI. K-WPSI profiles were compared with those from the West Germany, Finland, Canada, the United States, Chile, Dutch, and Japan. RESULTS: The internal consistency estimated by cronbach's alpha coefficient was .934 and split-half reliability coefficient was .876 for adequate reliability (p<.01). Each of subscales in the K-WPSI were high correlated with theoretically similar scales but correlation between theoretically dissimilar subscales was not high. And K-WPSI subscales were significantly related to the PRS subscales. It showed that the Korea epilepsy patients had serious problems in emotional, interpersonal, vocational adjustment, financial status, adjustment to seizure, and overall psycho-social functioning. Comparing the outcomes of various countries, epilepsy patients from Korea and chile had the most serious problem in most areas of psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: K-WPSI could be a useful test in Korea for reliable determination of the various psychosocial problems of epilepsy patients but modifications of the limitation of the Lie scale may be needed. Comparing the results of other countries, Korea epilepsy patients have been experienced serious psychosocial problem. To solve this problem, social policy and medical and emotional supportive system for persons with epilepsy should need to be established.
Canada ; Chile ; Cross-Cultural Comparison* ; Epilepsy ; Finland ; Germany ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Seizures* ; Social Problems ; United States ; Washington* ; Weights and Measures

This study analyze the relation between body composition, physical activity (PA), and sex in Chilean children from rural and urban public educational institutions. The prevalence of obesity (according to BMI) was 30.88% in urban children and 28.93% in rural children. Central obesity presented mainly in the rural girls. Approximately 90% of the participants reported <7 h of PA/week, regardless of residential area. In addition, central fat was strongly associated with rural residence; the children reported lower PA levels, and they presented a higher prevalence of central fat. The results reflect the need to implement programs to improve PA conditions in the child urban-rural population.
Adolescent ; Body Fat Distribution ; statistics & numerical data ; Child ; Chile ; epidemiology ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction is associated with negative neonatal and obstetric outcomes. Large differences in thyroid function reference intervals exist across different populations. These differences can be explained by population-specific factors, such as iodine status. Many countries in Latin America report iodine sufficiency, but relatively few countries have published up-to-date data on iodine levels and thyroid function in the overall population, and especially in pregnant women. We evaluated the iodine status of pregnant women in Chile and determined thyroid hormone reference ranges in this population. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of healthy Chilean women at their first prenatal visit before week 14. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), free T4, antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and iodine levels from spot urine samples were measured. Iodine status and the reference ranges for TSH were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 1,022 pregnant women in the first trimester were selected. Urinary iodine levels were measured in 302 randomly-selected women. The median urinary iodine concentration was 173.45 µg/L (interquartile range, 108.11 to 249.35).The reference ranges of TSH were calculated in 670 patients selected according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines. The median TSH level was 1.88 µIU/mL (2.5th percentile: 0.13 to 97.5th percentile: 5.37). Using the reference range in the 1,022 women, the prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism was 1.76%, and that of subclinical hypothyroidism was 3.92%. TPOAb positivity was more common in women with TSH levels above 3.5 µIU/mL. CONCLUSION: We found adequate iodine intake and a right-shifted distribution of serum TSH levels in pregnant women in Chile. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in our sample of pregnant women was higher than has been described in the literature.
Biochemistry ; Chile ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Iodine ; Latin America ; Observational Study ; Peroxidase ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Reference Values* ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyrotropin* ; Thyroxine