Cause of Death ; Child Mortality ; trends ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; trends ; Humans ; Male

Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality. Pneumonia is the second killer of children less than 5 years of age in China. The World Heath Organization and United Nations Children′s Fund launched the integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhea (GAPPD) in 2013. The ambitious goal is to end preventable childhood deaths due to pneumonia by 2025. Countries or regions should achieve the following goals: (1) reduce mortality from pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age to fewer than 3 per 1 000 live births; (2) reduce the incidence of severe pneumonia by 75% in children less than 5 years of age compared to 2010 levels. If the implementation of key interventions is accelerated, the mortality rate of childhood pneumonia will drop substantially every year, which makes the goal achievable.
Child Mortality ; trends ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Pneumonia ; mortality ; Time Factors

To evaluate the achievement of health care services in Korea independent of other socioeconomic factors, we observed the time trend of avoidable death between 1983 and 2004. A list of avoidable causes of death was constructed based on the European Community Atlas of ''Avoidable Death''. We calculated sex- and agestandardized mortality rates of Korean aged 1-64 yr using data of the Korea National Statistical Office. The avoidable mortality rate (per 100,000 persons) decreased from 225 to 84 in men and from 122 to 41 in women. Accordingly, the proportion of avoidable deaths among all classifiable deaths was reduced by 8.1% in men and 6.4% in women. However, mortality rates from some preventable causes such as ischemic heart disease and malignant neoplasms of lung, breast, cervix, and colorectum have been on the rise. Mortality preventable by appropriate medical care showed the greatest reduction (by 77.8%), while the mortality preventable by primary prevention showed the least reduction (by 50.0%). These findings suggest that health care service has significantly contributed to the improvement of health in Korea. However, more effective intervention programs would be needed given the less reduction in mortality avoidable by primary or secondary prevention than expected and unexpectedly increasing mortality from several preventable causes.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality/*trends ; Neoplasms/mortality ; Primary Prevention/*trends ; Secondary Prevention/*trends ; Sex Factors

OBJECTIVES: Child mortality remains a critical problem even in developed countries due to low fertility. To plan effective interventions, investigation into the trends and causes of child mortality is necessary. Therefore, we analyzed these trends and causes of child deaths over the last 30 years in Korea. METHODS: Causes of death data were obtained from a nationwide vital registration managed by the Korean Statistical Information Service. The mortality rate among all children aged between one and four years and the causes of deaths were reviewed. Data from 1983-2012 and 1993-2012 were analyzed separately because the proportion of unspecified causes of death during 1983-1992 varied substantially from that during 1993-2012. RESULTS: The child (1-4 years) mortality rates substantially decreased during the past three decades. The trend analysis revealed that all the five major causes of death (infectious, neoplastic, neurologic, congenital, and external origins) have decreased significantly. However, the sex ratio of child mortality (boys to girls) slightly increased during the last 30 years. External causes of death remain the most frequent origin of child mortality, and the proportion of mortality due to child assault has significantly increased (from 1.02 in 1983 to 1.38 in 2012). CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, the major causes and rate of child mortality have changed and the sex ratio of child mortality has slightly increased since the early 1980s. Child mortality, especially due to preventable causes, requires public health intervention.
Cause of Death ; Child Mortality/*trends ; Child, Preschool ; Communicable Diseases/mortality ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Neoplasms/mortality ; Nervous System Diseases/mortality ; Republic of Korea ; Sex Ratio ; Vital Statistics

OBJECTIVETo study the trend of under 5 years old children mortality and the leading cause of the deaths in China from 1996 to 2000.

METHODSThe data presented in this report were obtained from the national child mortality surveillance network, including 116 counties (cities) throughout China. The target population was all children under 5 years old in the monitored areas whose mothers or fathers had resided in the area for at least one year. The data were collected and reported by health workers at the three-level network.

RESULTSThe neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR) and under 5 years old mortality rate (U(5)MR) in China dropped to 22.8, 32.2, 39.7 per 1,000 live births in 2000, respectively (they were 24.0, 36.0, 45.0 respectively in 1996), which declined 5.0%, 10.6%, 11.8% from 1996 to 2000, respectively. In urban areas, NMR, IMR and U(5)MR dropped to 9.5, 11.8, 13.8 per 1,000 live births in 2000, respectively (they were 12.2, 14.8, 16.9 respectively in 1996), which declined 22.1%, 20.3%, 18.3% from 1996 to 2000, respectively. In rural areas, NMR, IMR and U(5)MR dropped to 25.8, 37.0, 45.7 per 1,000 live births in 2000, respectively (they were 26.7, 40.9, 51.4 respectively in 1996), which declined 3.4%, 9.5%, 11.1% from 1996 to 2000, respectively. There was a steady decline in the U(5)MR due to diarrhea, pneumonia, neural tube defects and drowning in China.

CONCLUSIONIn urban/rural areas, the overall decline in NMR, IMR and U(5)MR from 1996 to 2000 was spectacular. Especially the U(5)MR due to avoidable deaths such as pneumonia and diarrhea was dropped markedly in rural areas.

Cause of Death ; trends ; Child Mortality ; trends ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Fetal Death ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; trends ; Infant, Newborn ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo understand the life expectancy of residents in Xinjiang production and Construction Group, from 1997 to 1999.

METHODSStratified cluster sampling method was used to obtain mortality rate, sequence of death causes, life expectancy, life eliminated major cause of deaths, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and level of long life. These indeices were used to compare and analyze health status on residents in the area.

RESULTSThe life expectancy on residents in the area was 75.61 years old for all residents, 72.73 years old for males, 80.02 years old for females from 1997 to 1999. The life expectancy for people living in agricultural and livestock farms was lower (73.97 years old). It was found that life expectancy was parallel to the level of economy. Life expectancy of northern residents was higher than those living in the southern and eastern parts of the area. The annual average mortality rate of the residents was 5.17 per thousand (standard mortality rate 4.02 per thousand ). The sequence of major causes of death was shown as below: malignant tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, cardiac diseases, accidental deaths, infectious diseases, certain conditions originated in the perinatal period. In the life eliminated major cause of deaths, respiratory system diseases and certain conditions originated in the perinatal period were higher than others. In both sequences of YPLL and SYPLL for major causes of death, accidental death was always in the leading place. There was a higher longevity on residents from the better economic area.

CONCLUSIONSHigher life expectancy in the area was noticed, but the differences among the different area were bigger. In order to improve the level of health on all residents in the area, it is necessary to strengthen the administration on social and natural environment of the area. Furthermore, decreasing accidental deaths, controlling respiratory system diseases (especially for infant) and improving health care of infants in perinatal period are very important tasks in the area.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; trends ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Data Collection ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Life Expectancy ; trends ; Longevity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; trends ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors

OBJECTIVETo understand the trend of gastric cancer mortality based on the exploration of the death data from 1970 to 2004 in Zhaoyuan County.

METHODSThe death data of 1970-1974 were collected from the first malignant tumor death survey of China, and the data of 1985-2004 were derived from the cancer registration network of Zhaoyuan. The appreciation indexes were crude mortality rate and standardized mortality rates by the percentages of Chinese population in 1982 and the percentages of world population in 1966.

RESULTSThe crude mortality rates in the five periods of 1970-1974, 1985-1989, 1990-994, 1995-1999, and 2000-2004 were 34.94, 44.34, 40.05, 48.73, and 40.18 per 100,000, respectively; the standardized mortality rates by Chinese population were 30.82, 30.35, 27.78, 31.63, and 20.10 per 100,000, respectively. The gastric cancer mortality remained stability from 1970 to 1999, however, the standardized mortality rate of gastric cancer in 2000-2004 declined by 34.8% compared with that in 1970-1974. The study also observed that the highest age-specific gastric cancer mortality, in the past 35 years, has been postponed by 10 years. And, the gastric cancer mortality ranked from top first to top three.

CONCLUSIONThere is a decreasing trend for the incidence of stomach cancer and this might be associated with the changes of dietary consumption and pattern.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; trends ; Registries ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; mortality

OBJECTIVES: Recently injury has become a major world-wide health problem. But studies in Korea about injuries were very few. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the trend of major injuries from 1991 to 2006 and to provide basic data for preventing injuries. METHODS: This study was based on the National Statistical Office data from 1991 to 2006 and calculated to estimate the burden of major injuries by using the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) and total lost earnings equation. RESULTS: For transport accidents, mortality, SEYLL and total lost earnings were increased from 1991 to 1996 and decreased from 2000 to 2006. On the other hand, for suicides, these were increased gradually. Since 2003, falls were included in ten leading causes of death. This study showed that injury causes major social and economical losses. CONCLUSIONS: We could reduce injury related premature death through active interest in injury prevention program.
Accident Prevention ; Accidental Falls/mortality/statistics & numerical data ; Accidents/*mortality/*statistics & numerical data ; Accidents, Traffic/mortality/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death/trends ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality/*trends ; Sex Distribution ; Suicide/trends ; Wounds and Injuries/*epidemiology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo develop the forecasting models for fatal road traffic injuries and to provide evidence for predicting the future trends on road traffic injuries.

METHODSData on the mortality of road traffic injury including factors as gender and age in different countries, were obtained from the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Other information on GDP per capita, urbanization, motorization and education were collected from online resources of World Bank, WHO, the United Nations Population Division and other agencies. We fitted logarithmic models of road traffic injury mortality by gender and age group, including predictors of GDP per capita, urbanization, motorization and education. Sex- and age-specific forecasting models developed by WHO that including GDP per capita, education and time etc. were also fitted. Coefficient of determination(R(2)) was used to compare the performance between our modes and WHO models.

RESULTS2 626 sets of data were collected from 153 countries/regions for both genders, between 1965 and 2010. The forecasting models of road traffic injury mortality based on GDP per capita, motorization, urbanization and education appeared to be statistically significant(P < 0.001), and the coefficients of determination for males at the age groups of 0-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+ were 22.7% , 31.1%, 51.8%, 52.3%, 44.9%, 41.8%, 40.1%, 25.5%, respectively while the coefficients for these age groups in women were 22.9%, 32.6%, 51.1%, 49.3%, 41.3%, 35.9%, 30.7%, 20.1%, respectively. The WHO models that were based on the GDP per capita, education and time variables were statistically significant (P < 0.001)and the coefficients of determination were 14.9% , 22.0%, 31.5%, 33.1% , 30.7%, 28.5%, 27.7% and 17.8% for males, but 14.1%, 20.6%, 30.4%, 31.8%, 26.7%, 24.3%, 17.3% and 8.8% for females, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe forecasting models that we developed seemed to be better than those developed by WHO.

Accidents, Traffic ; mortality ; prevention & control ; trends ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical

OBJECTIVETo analyze the status and trend of injury deaths in Chinese people, and provide basic evidence for injury interventions.

METHODSData came from 2004-2005 the 3rd national retrospective sampling survey of death cause and covered 31 province-level regions and 160 surveillance spots in the interior of China, Total 142 660 482 person years were investigated. To describe the status of injury deaths, the crude death rate, years of potential life lost (YPLL), working years of potential life lost (WYPLL) and the standardized death rate were calculated. The population used for standardization was from census in 2000 and each five-year was counted as an age group; To analyze the trend of injury deaths, the constitution of the death causes were calculated based on the data of 1991-2000 national disease surveillance system which covered more than 10 000 000 population and 145 surveillance spots.

RESULTSThe total number of residents in survey districts died of injury between 2004 and 2005 was 87 753 (male 59 664, female 28 089, urban 23 308, rural 64 445); the crude death rate of injury in China 2004-2005 was 61.51/100 000 and accounting for 10.10% of all deaths; the standardized death rate was 58.45/100 000, ranking the fourth among the main cause of death for Chinese people. The YPLL of injury was 1579.61 person years per 100 000 and the WYPLL was 1721.41 person years per 100 000. The crude death rate of injury was 81.76/100 000 in male and 40.31/100 000 in female; the standardized death rates were 79.96/100 000 and 36.25/100 000, respectively. Injury mortality in male was two times higher than that in female. The crude death rates of injury were 48.66/100 000 in urban area and 68.01/100 000 in rural area; the standardized death rate were 44.08/100 000 and 66.25/100 000, respectively; the mortality in rural area was 1.4 times higher than that in urban area. The mortality for the aged 15 - 44 was 48.94/100 000(35 497/72 531 671) and accounting for 40% of all deaths, injury was the first cause of death for the aged 15 - 44. During 2004-2005, the top five causes of death related to injury were traffic accidents, suicide, falls, drowning and poisoning; the cases were 29 669, 18 678, 10 901, 7752, 4857 respectively in survey districts; the crude death rate were 20.80/100 000, 13.09/100 000, 7.64/100 000, 5.43/100 000, 3.40/100 000 respectively. From 1991 to 2005, the proportion of all injury deaths due to traffic accident increased from 15.00% (1551/10 338) to 33.79% (14 792/43 774) which showed a rising trend, the proportion of all injury deaths due to suicide decreased from 26.66% (2756/10 338) to 20.46% (8599/43 774) and the proportion of all injury deaths due to fall increased from 5.15% (532/10 338) to 12.87% (5630/43 774).

CONCLUSIONInjury is the primary cause of death resulting in premature death among Chinese people, traffic accident is the first cause of injury death. Since 1990s, the pattern of injury mortality of Chinese people has changed.

Accidents ; mortality ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cause of Death ; trends ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult