The purpose of this study were to find out the practical way to enlarged child-raising knowledge and to enhance their satisfaction with out-patient care by evaluating how effectively the education is done by nurses for mothers with ill-child and how their satisfaction with out-patient care changed. This study was designed as a Nonequivalent Control Group study. The subjects studied were consisted of the experimental and control group. Each consisted of 50 mothers with ill-child in pediatric department at one university hospital in Seoul. The period of this study is from May 20, 1996 to June 28, 1996. The first data were collected fro both of experimental and control groups in which mothers with ill-child come to the hospital for the first time. After this being done, the experimental group had been educated by the planned program and then the second data were collected from them. On the contrary, as for the control group, there had been no education and the second data were collected on the same method. The data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results of this study are as follow, 1. The child-raising knowledge level of mothers with education was higher than that of with no education.(t=18.84, df=49, p=0.000) 2. The satisfaction with out-patient care level of mothers with education was higher than that of no education.(t=10.51, df=49, p=0.000) Based on these results, I suggest as follow, 1. The research on the patients and their family should be made not only in pediatric department, but in every out-patient department. 2. For more effective education, it is required for all out-patient nurses to research the education demand of patients and their family. 3. To increase the effect of education, there must be the consultation room in out-patient department. 4. The meetings with the mothers with ill-child of the same illness have to be established and periodical education must be executed. 5. Audio-visual education programs like video tapes are needed to make use of waiting time for the medical treatment. 6. On-line consulting program are needed.
Education ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Outpatients* ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

This study was designed to identity the degree of burden felt by mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome. Also, relations between the subject characteristics and burden were investigated to provide basis data for their family health and nursing intervention. The study subjects were composed of 70 mothers of nephrotic syndrome patients whose children were hospitalized in 2 Pediatric wards of University Hospital in Seoul and 1 in Pusan from Mar. 2nd, 1998 to May. 30th in the same year. The questionnaires were used which dealt with burden of mothers. the questionnaires for this study designed and used by researcher placed their basis in burden Measurement Instrument developed by Montgomery et. al(1985) and the reliability of the used instrument was .78. The data analysis was done by SPSS, t-test, ANOVA and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of were as follows. 1. Mean score of burden of subjects was 60.82(Maximum 86, standard deviation 1.244). 2. Of the mothers characteristics, the score of burden was high in case of no religion and low income. 3. Of the patients characteristics, the score of burden ranked as high in MCNS, doing oral therapy and injection therapy at the same time, and negative perceived patients' condition. 4. The degree of burden felt by mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome was significantly predicted by the level of pt's diagnosis(11%), pt's condition(8%), economic state(6%) and pt's sex(5%), respectively. In conclusion to above study, the researcher suggests that the development of instrument for measurement of burden is in much need. Relations between burden and social support should be studied to lessen burden of mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome.
Busan ; Child* ; Family Health ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Nursing ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purposes of the study were to develop an instrument for family value and to identify the relationships of family value, family hardiness, and family adaptation by appling the family value scale to family with cancer children. The study was conducted in three phases. 1) A survey was conducted from July 20 to August 20, 1999 and 18 items of general family value scale was modified from the data of 153 fathers and 164 mothers. 2) In-depth interviews were made with 29 parents of cancer children from April 20, 1998 to May 20, 1999 to develop family value scale with cancer children, and 12 statements were developed. 3) The final survey was conducted from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the data from 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics were analyzed to identify the relationships of the concepts. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, and Regression for path analysis. The study findings are as follows. The psychometric testing of general family value scale was Cronbach's alpha = 0.78. The reliability of the family value scale with cancer children showed the reliability as Cronbach's alpha = 0.73. Demographic characteristics showing significant correlations were cancer children's age, period of illness, period after completing treatment, mother's age, mother's education level, monthly income, payment type, confidence with health professional, and severity of children's illness. The correlation coefficients among major variables showed that family stressor was positively related with family strains(r=0.33, p < .001), and negatively related with family hardiness(r=-0.21, p < .001). Family strains was negatively related with family hardiness(r= -0.41, p < .001) and family adaptation(r=-0.46, p < .001). Correlations of family hardiness was positive with family value with cancer children(r=-0.31, p < .001), and negative with general family value(r=-0.16, p < .01). Family hardiness was positively related with family adaptation(r=0.35, p < .001). The causal relationship between study variables showed that family strains predicts general family value( gamma =0.12, t=2.02), family value with cancer children predicts family hardiness( gamma =0.31, t=6.30), family strains predicts family hardiness( gamma =-0.40, t=-7.70), family value with cancer children predicts family adaptation( gamma =-0.23, t=-4.11), and family hardiness predicts family adaptation( gamma =0.43, t=7.78).
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Child* ; Education ; Fathers ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parents ; Psychometrics ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess the potential health impacts and improve the quality of the free immunization program in Jinju City by maximizing the predicted positive health gains and minimizing the negative health risks. METHODS: A steering committee was established in September 2010 to carry out the health impact assessment (HIA) and began the screening and scoping stages. In the appraisal stage, analysis of secondary data, a literature review, case studies, geographic information systems analysis, a questionnaire, and expert consultations were used. The results of the data collection and analyses were discussed during a workshop, after which recommendations were finalized in a written report. RESULTS: Increased access to immunization, comprehensive services provided by physicians, the strengthened role of the public health center in increasing immunization rates and services, and the ripple effect to other neighboring communities were identified as potential positive impacts. On the other hand, the program might be inaccessible to rural regions with no private clinics where there are more at-risk children, vaccine management and quality control at the clinics may be poor, and vaccines may be misused. Recommendations to maximize health gains and minimize risks were separately developed for the public health center and private clinics. CONCLUSIONS: The HIA provided an opportunity for stakeholders to comprehensively overview the potential positive and negative impacts of the program before it was implemented. An HIA is a powerful tool that should be used when developing and implementing diverse health-related policies and programs in the community.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; *Health Policy ; Humans ; Immunization/*statistics & numerical data ; Immunization Programs/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Korea

Background: Tooth decay and gingivitis are common diseases in the world in general and in Vietnam in particular. They occur so early, even shortly after teething. The treatment cost for these diseases is so expensive. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of dental health care of school children aged 12 years old in Dong Da and Thanh Tri districts of Hanoi, 2005. Subjects and method: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 227 school children aged 12 years old in Dong Da and Thanh Tri districts of Hanoi, from November/2005 to May/2006. Results: Among 227 participants: men were more than female (115 versus 112). 179 participants (78.9%) knew that teeth brushing after main meals was the best method of dental care. 199 (87.7%) knew unclean teeth causing dental caries. 224 (98.7%) knew that eating sweet foods without teeth brushing could lead to tooth decay. 74.8% participants agreed to brush teeth after main meals daily. 88.1% agreed to see the dentist regularly. However, only 49.79% participants brushed their teeth after main meals; 31.3% brushed their teeth after eating or drinking sweet foods. 89% did not gargle their mouth with flour water in school. Conclusion: Behavior and knowledge of dental care of school children were good, but not for practice.
Dental Health Surveys/ statistics & ; numerical data ; Health Knowledge ; Attitudes ; Practice ; Child

The purpose of the descriptive correlation study was to examine relations among the hope, the burden and the family function in mothers caring for children with cancer. 145 mothers completed the three questionaires of the study divided into tree sections: a) The Hope Scale, b) The Burden Scale, c) FACES-lll. The collected data was analysed with t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows: 1) The average age of mothers of children with cancer was 35.6 years old and the ages between 30 to 39 were the most abundant. 57.3% of the mothers had an education level of below high school education and 66.0% had religion. The average age of the children was 8.6 years old. Ages between 1 to 7 were the most and 60.8% were diagnosed as leukemia. 2) Regarding the section of degree of burden, mothers of children with cancer marked 2.6 out of 5, and the degree of hope 3.2 out of 4. The result for family function came out to be 3.5 out of 5, an average of family cohesion of 3.9 and family adaptation of 3.1. 3) There were significantly less burden to the mothers who were living together with a spouse compared to the mothers who were not. Also mothers who replied that they preserved good health came out to be exposed to less burden compared to the mothers who did not. In analysing hope according to the general characteristics of mothers of children with cancer, mothers who were employed marked high in the degree of hope compared to unemployed mothers. Furthermore, the degree of family cohesion marked higher with mothers who had higher education of college graduate, mothers with religion and mothers with a monthly family income of over W3,000,000, compared to the group of mothers with lower education of high school graduate, non-religious or with a monthly family income of less than W1,000,000. 4) Excluding the fact that the group sorted with children diagnosed as leukemia marked a perceivably high score regarding family cohesion, compared to groups with other cancers, the degree of burden, hope and family cohesion did not show any noticeable difference according to characteristics of children with different cancers. 5) In the correlation of the hope, the burden and the family function regarding the mothers of children with cancer, the burden did not have any manifest relationship with hope or family function. However, the degree of hope and family function cohesion had a direct proportional relationship, as family cohesion marked higher when the degree of hope were high.
Child* ; Education ; Hope* ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Mothers* ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the understanding of becoming a parent held by women college students, and to examine correlations between motivation to become a parent and perception of parents' role. METHOD: The participants in the study were 220 women college students of K Women's College in Incheon. Data were collected from July to November, 2004 and the method was self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include understanding of parenthood, motivation to become a parent, perception of parents' role. Result: 1) In this study, 78.2% of women collage students responded they have marriage plans and 76.6% of the students responded they will have children. 2) Scores for motivation to become a parent and perception of parents' role by female college students were 44.5 and point 56.9 respectively. 3) Examination of the correlation of motivation to become a parent and perception of parents' role showed that there was a medium level of correlation and it was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These result indicate that interventions towards improvement in understanding of motivation to become a parent should be provided for adolescents and early adult.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Incheon ; Marriage ; Motivation* ; Parents* ; Statistics as Topic* ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of the study was to develop and test the model for the quality of life in mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of previous studies and a review of literature. The conceptual framework was built around ten constructs. Exogenous variables included in this model were mother's health, father's health, marital intimacy, mother's attitude on children, economic state, side effect of steroid, severity of illness and social support. Endogenous variables were mother's burden and quality of life. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model were collected by using a self-report questionnaire from 152 mothers of children with nephrotic syndrom at the outpatient clinics and in the hospital. The data was collected from May, 1999 to August, 1999. Reliability of the seven instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from 0.71 - 0.92. For the data analysis, SPSS 8.0 WIN program and LISREL 8.20 WIN program were used for descriptive statistics and covariance structural analysis. The results of covariance structural analysis were as follow : 1.The hypothetical model showed a good fit with the empirical data.[x2 = .56, df = 3, p = .90(p > .05 ), GFI = .99, AGFI = .99, RMSR = .005.] 2. For the parsimony of model, a modified model was constructed by deleting 1 variable and excluding 2 paths according to the criteria of statistical significance and meaning. 3.The modified model also showed a good fit with the data[x2 = 2.83, df = 7, p = .90( p > .05 ), GFI = 1.00, AGFI = .97, RMSR = .011]. The result of the testing of the hypothesis were as follows : 1.Mother's health( gamma 21 = .26, t = 4.16), father's health( gamma 22 = .19, t = 2.92), marital intimacy( gamma 23 = .26, t = 4.13) and social support( gamma 28 = .12, t = 2.03) had a significant direct effect on the quality of life. 2. Mother's burden( beta 21 = -.20, t = -3.10) had a significant negative direct effect on the quality of life. 3. Mother's attitude on children( gamma 14 = -.34, t = .-4.57), mother's health( gamma 11 = -.22, t = -2.96) and side effect of steroid ( gamma 16 = -.23, t = .-2.69) had a significant direct negative effect on the burden. The result of this study showed that mother's health, marital intimacy, mother's burden, father's health, and social support had a significant direct effect on the quality of life. Mother's attitude on children, mother's health, and side effect of steroid had a significant direct effect on mother's burden. These six variables, mother's health, marital intimacy, father's health, social support, mother's attitude on children and side effect of steroid were identified as relatively important variables. The results of this study suggest, it needed to determine the nursing intervention will alleviate mother's burden and promote a greater quality of life in mothers of children with nephrotic syndrom.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Child* ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Nursing ; Quality of Life* ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

OBJECTIVEThe number of analyzed outcome variables is important in the statistical analysis and interpretation of research findings. This study investigated published papers in the field of environmental health studies. We aimed to examine whether differences in the number of reported outcome variables exist between papers with non-significant findings compared to those with significant findings. Articles on the maternal exposure to mercury and child development were used as examples.

METHODSArticles published between 1995 and 2013 focusing on the relationships between maternal exposure to mercury and child development were collected from Medline and Scopus.

RESULTSOf 87 extracted papers, 73 used statistical significance testing and 38 (43.7%) of these reported 'non-significant' (P>0.05) findings. The median number of child development outcome variables in papers reporting 'significant' (n=35) and 'non-significant' (n=38) results was 4 versus 7, respectively (Mann-Whitney test P-value=0.014). An elevated number of outcome variables was especially found in papers reporting non-significant associations between maternal mercury and outcomes when mercury was the only analyzed exposure variable.

CONCLUSIONAuthors often report analyzed health outcome variables based on their P-values rather than on stated primary research questions. Such a practice probably skews the research evidence.

Bias ; Child ; Child Development ; drug effects ; physiology ; Environmental Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Maternal Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Mercury ; toxicity ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; standards ; Periodicals as Topic ; standards ; statistics & numerical data

As a family respond to any stressful situation as a whole system, cancer diagnosis of a child, as a serious life event, could be emotional shock to destroy homeostasis of the family system. A family has a resilient capacity to adjust and adapt to stressful events. Previous studies have been focused on family stress and adaptation, but little attention has been given to family value as one of resilient factors. The data for model testing were collected from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and LISREL. The study findings are as follows. 1) Monthly income ( gamma =-0.28, t=-5.81) was the most important factor to explain family strain along with family support ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.43), severity of children's illness ( gamma =0.26, t=5.22), and family stressor ( gamma =0.22, t=4.62). All of these factors together explained 40% of variance in family strain. 2) Among general family value, the relationship with the parents ( gamma =0.28, t=4.89) and relationship with the children ( gamma =0.20, t=3.60) showed positive effects to family value for cancer children, while relationship with the spouse ( gamma =-0.19, t=-3.22) and the age of the cancer children ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.21) showed negative effects. These predictors together explained 22% of variance in family value for cancer children. 3)Family hardiness was explained mostly by family strain ( gamma =-0.53, t=-8.65) along with direct negative effects of family persistency and indirect negative effects of severity of children's illness, family stressor, relationship with the spouse, and the children's age. Family value for cancer children was the most important predictor with positive effect ( gamma =0.44, t=6.76) along with indirect effects of monthly income, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, support from family and significant others, and confidence with the health professionals. 51% of variance in family hardiness was explained by all of these predictors. 4)The most important predictor for family adaptation was family stressor ( gamma =-0.50, t=-6.85) with direct and indirect negative effects along with the severity of children's illness ( gamma =-0.27, t=-5.21). However, family value for cancer children showed compromised total effect ( gamma =-0.13, t=-1.99) with negative direct effects ( gamma =-0.28, t=-3.43) and positive indirect effects ( gamma =0.14, t=3.01). Similarly, confidence with the health professionals also showed compromised total effect ( gamma =0.09, t=1.99) with positive direct effects and negative indirect effects. Family hardiness showed the biggest positive direct effects while other factors such as monthly income, family stressor, family persistence, support of family and significant others, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, and relationship with the spouse, and children's age showed indirect effects only. 39% of variance in family adaptation was explained by all of these predictors.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Health Occupations ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Parents ; Shock ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health