1.Morphological Observation on the Prenatal Development of the Human Heart (I): Study on the Early Cardiac Development using Human and Chick Embryos.
Korean Journal of Pathology 1989;23(2):187-197
Normal embryonic development of human heart is studied with special emphasis to the formation of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections and their significance in congenital heart disease. Twenty nine human embryos and 8 chick embryos are used in this study. Human embryos are analyzed by reconstruction of serial section slides and chick embryos are microdissected and examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the early cardiac development (Streeter horizon 12), bulbo-ventricular fold divided two ventricles first. The atrioventricular canal is incompletely divided and the canal was in contact neither with septum primum nor with ventricular septal crest. Infundibular and truncal septa were not seen. The division of A-V canal was observed during the stages 14-15. Septation of truncus arteriosus (Streeter horizon 15-17) was followed by septation of bulbus cordis (Streeter horizon 16-17). The shortening of mitral-aortic distance and downward left shift of aortic valve occured after the trunco-infundibular septation and finally the secondary interventricular formen closed at the end of seventh week (Streeter horizon 20-21).
Humans
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Chick Embryo
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Animals
2.Study for the effects of the nicotine in the organ growth and histological structure of the developing chick embryo.
Moo Kang KIM ; Sang Keun KIM ; Sung Whan CHO ; Myong Cheol KIM ; Geun Jaw LEE ; Man Hee LEE
Korean Journal of Anatomy 1991;24(4):388-408
No abstract available.
Animals
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Chick Embryo*
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Nicotine*
3.Effect of Strychinine, a Glycine Inhibitor, on the Programmed Cell Death of Motoneurons during the Chick Development.
Joo Yeon KIM ; So Yoen CHOI ; Hyun KIM ; Woong SUN
Experimental Neurobiology 2011;20(4):176-180
In this study, we report that the treatment of strychinine (STR), an inhibitor of glycine receptor, induced premature onset of programmed cell death (PCD) of developing chick motoneurons (MNs). Treatment of STR on E4 chick embryo increased the apoptosis of MN on E5 when MN PCD does not occur normally. On the other hand, treatment of STR from E3 or E5 for 24 hours did not significantly influence the extent of MN PCD, indicating that the STR effect is developmental stage-specific. However, the expression of glycine receptor isoform was low on E3-4, and other glycine receptor antagonists did not exhibit PCD-promoting activity, suggesting that the STR action on PCD is not related to the glycine receptor activation. Identification of the target molecule for STR action may provide novel mechanism how the onset of developmental PCD is regulated.
Animals
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Apoptosis
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Cell Death
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Chick Embryo
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Glycine
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Hand
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Receptors, Glycine
4.Potential distribution of electrocardiac field around chick embryonic heart.
Journal of Southern Medical University 2010;30(9):2087-2088
OBJECTIVETo explore the essential features of the potential distribution of electrocardiac field.
METHODSThe ECGs of 60 hearts of 5-day chick embryos were immersed in normal saline solution or distilled water and their different conductivities were recorded at 5 points at different distances in 4 directions perpendicular to each other. Comparison of the form and amplitude of ECGs was made between every two points with the same distance to the heart in 2 opposite directions to determine the potential distribution of the electrocardiac field of the one-chambered heart.
RESULTSThe ECGs recorded at every 2 points in 2 opposite directions with the same distance to the heart immersed in the same liquid medium were both upper standing, with no significant different between their amplitude of R(r) wave (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONThe uniform outward potential distribution of the electrocardiac field might not represent the form of depolarization but that of sphere-like and single-source when the influence of different reference points and thickness of different chamber walls upon mapping of body surface is excluded.
Action Potentials ; Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Electrocardiography ; Heart ; embryology ; In Vitro Techniques
5.Morphological study of surgically induced open neural tube defects in chick embryos--postoperative 24 hours.
Heon YOU ; Ki Bum SIM ; Kyu Chang WANG ; Dong Gyu KIM ; Hyun Jib KIM
Journal of Korean Medical Science 1994;9(2):116-122
For the experimental study of neural tube defect (NTD), a surgical model has advantages over other models in a few aspects. It causes less functional derangement of cells and the NTDs can be made selectively by surgery. The authors planned to use the surgical model for the experimental study of NTD. As the first step for the studies, the chronological changes of morphology during the early postoperative period were investigated using postincubation 3-day chick embryos. The objectives of this study are (1) the morphological evaluation of the surgical model as a method for studies of open NTD, and (2) the observation of morphological changes for the first 24 hours after surgery which include 'overgrowth' appearance and the continuity between the surface ectoderm and the neuroectoderm. The morphological changes were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Immediately after surgery, typical open NTDs were observed. Morphologically they were very similar to the appearance of spontaneous (non-surgical) open NTDs. The opened neural tubes were everted progressively and they looked rather flat at 24 hours after surgery. Cellular hyperplasia ('overgrowth' appearance) was noted within 24 hours after surgery and became more prominent during the 24 hours. There was increasing continuity between the surface ectoderm and the neural tissue until 24 hours after surgery when the continuity looked almost complete. In conclusion, surgically induced NTDs are morphologically very similar to spontaneous NTDs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals
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Chick Embryo
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*Disease Models, Animal
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Evaluation Studies as Topic
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Neural Tube Defects/etiology/*pathology
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Postoperative Period
6.Re-closure Capacity of Surgically Induced Open Neural Tube Defect in Chick Embryos.
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 2002;32(1):42-47
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a re-closure capacity of the open neural tube defect(ONTD) and to characterize its re-closing process, the morphological changes and the re-closure rate of a surgically induced ONTD are examined chronologically in early chick embryos. METHODS: Embryos of Hamburger and Hamilton stage 18-19 were used. The posterior roof of the central canal in the closed neural tube was incised longitudinally at the wing bud level. The incision was 3 somites long, which was equivalent to approximately 0.8mm. Following surgery, the embryos were re-incubated in ovo for three or five days. The area of the incision was observed with a stereomicroscope. Some of them were examined histologically with the transverse section of the wing bud area. They were divided into two groups(POD 3 and POD 5) according to the re-incubation period at the time of sacrifice and then into two subgroups(re-closure and defect group) according to the presence of ONTD at the operative site. RESULTS: The results showed : 1) Re-closure of ONTD occurred in 58%(23/40) of POD 3 embryos and 46%(22/48) of POD 5 embryos. The difference of re-closure was not statistically significant. 2) Most of the re-closed neural tubes revealed no significant difference from the controls in the histological examination. 3) In POD 3 and 5 groups, there was a tendency of zipper-like fusion in both re-closure and defect groups. CONCLUSION: The results of study showed that the neural tube of the early chick embryo has a re-closure capacity after being surgically reopened. Seemingly, re-closure occurs mainly before POD 3 and progresses from the ventral to the dorsal part of the neural tube. The mechanism of re-closure needs to be investigated further.
Animals
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Chick Embryo*
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Embryonic Structures
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Neural Tube Defects*
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Neural Tube*
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Somites
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Wings, Animal
7.A rapid and accurate method for herpesviral gnome editing.
Aijun SUN ; Xiangru WANG ; Shuaikang YANG ; Ying LIU ; Gaiping ZHANG ; Guoqing ZHUANG
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology 2021;37(4):1376-1384
To rapidly and accurately manipulate genome such as gene deletion, insertion and site mutation, the whole genome of a very virulent strain Md5 of Marek's disease virus (MDV) was inserted into bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) through homogeneous recombination. The recombinant DNA was electroporated into DH10B competent cells and identified by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. An infectious clone of Md5BAC was obtained following transfection into chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. Furthermore, a lorf10 deletion mutant was constructed by two step Red-mediated homologous recombination. To confirm the specific role of gene deletion, the lorf10 was reinserted into the original site of MDV genome to make a revertant strain. All the constructs were rescued by transfection into CEF cells, respectively. The successful packaging of recombinant viruses was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The results of growth kinetics assay and plaques area measurement showed that the lorf10 is dispensable for MDV propagation in vitro. Overall, this study successfully constructed an infectious BAC clone of MDV and demonstrated its application in genome manipulation; the knowledge gained from our study could be further applied to other hepesviruses.
Animals
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Chick Embryo
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Chickens
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Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
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DNA, Recombinant
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Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics*
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Marek Disease
8.Establishment of a culture system of chick embryo for mouse tooth germ development.
Zheng-bin YAN ; Wei-dong TIAN ; Lei LIU ; Jin-qiu HOU ; Xi-zhe CHEN ; Zhi-yong LI
West China Journal of Stomatology 2004;22(3):232-234
OBJECTIVETo establish a new culture system for mouse tooth germs in chick embryo.
METHODSThe mandibular first molar germ fragments of 15 embryonic days' Kunming mouse embryo were implanted into the lateral mesenchyme of 4-5 days' chick embryo wing buds in ove. Eggs were reincubated and implanted tissues were examined by histochemistry.
RESULTSThe cultured tooth germ development continued from cap stage to latest bell stage. The ameloblast and the odontoblast all differentiated maturely and secreted matrix.
CONCLUSION4-5 days' wing buds chick embryo could serve as developing the mouse tooth germs and demonstrate well physiological process of differentiation and morphogenesis.
Ameloblasts ; Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Mice ; Molar ; embryology ; Odontoblasts ; Tooth Germ ; embryology
9.Genetic characterization and correlation among fragments of HN gene of the field Newcastle disease viruses.
Zhuo-Ming QIN ; Bao-Chen MA ; Xiao-Yuan YUAN ; Huai-Ying XU ; Ye-Feng HE ; Zhi-Zhong CUI
Chinese Journal of Virology 2007;23(1):39-45
Twenty-four isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) prevailing during 1997 -- 2005 in China were collected. These isolates were purified by CEF plaque assay and replicated in SPF chicken embryos. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes of these viruses were cloned and sequenced. The HN gene sequences of thirty-six NDV reference strains in GenBank were also used in this study. The amino acid homologing of these viruses were compared and analyzed. The correlations among different fragments of HN gene were also analyzed. The results indicated that the homology of Chinese field NDV strains was 94.4%-99.4%, but 86.9%-89% compared with LaSota and Clone30, 87.9%-89.9% to F48E9, and 87.2%-96.2% to foreign NDV strains. There had the nearest distances among Chinese NDV isolates as compared with that of the LaSota, Clone30 and F48E9 by the phylogenetic tree. However, the distances of seven foreign NDV isolates were very close to Chinese NDV isolates as compared with these of the other foreign NDV isolates. We also found that all the Chinese field isolates were devoid of glycosylation site in position 538 -- 540. There were good correlations between different length amino acid fragments and the genomes of HN, especially the 5'-terminus first 80aa.
Animals
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Chick Embryo
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Chickens
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China
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HN Protein
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genetics
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Newcastle disease virus
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classification
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genetics
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Phylogeny
10.Effects of morphine on the development of chick embryos.
Yi CHE ; Yong-hua CUI ; Yu-fang ZHU ; Hua-ying SUN ; Yuan-ye MA
Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology 2007;23(4):500-504
AIMTo investigate the effect of morphine on fetal movement, heart rate, hatch weight, hatch days and hatch rate.
METHODSMorphine was injected into airspace of eggs and fetal movement, heart rate, hatch weight, hatch days and hatch rates were recorded.
RESULTSHatch days were shorter, hatch rates were lower and some chicks became motor disorder for morphine. Chicks with morphine exposure 20 mg/kg from E 12 to E 16 had highest hatch rate and lowest disable rate. Morphine reduced fetal movement, increased heart rate (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONThe development of chick embryo is impaired by morphine exposure and the magnitude of these effects depends on the drug dose and the length of time that the developing organism is exposed to morphine.
Animals ; Chick Embryo ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Chickens ; growth & development ; Morphine ; pharmacology