The International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese medicine (ISN) was released in 2007, a nomenclature list consisting of 6 500 Chinese medical terms. ISN was the culmination of several years of collaborative diligent work of over 200 specialists who represent Chinese medicine in 68 countries. The overall goal for devising standard English nomenclature for Chinese medicine is to develop a practical international standard nomenclature for Chinese medical basic terms, to make it compatible with contemporary research and educational standards in the globalized health care service. In this article, provided is an overview of principles and methods for the multilingual translations, the processes behind the particular content of the Chinese-English ISN and an introduction to the ongoing new projects, i.e. the multilingual versions of ISN (International Standards of Chinese-Spanish, Chinese-French and Chinese-Portuguese Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine).
Anatomy ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; standards ; Multilingualism ; Publications ; standards ; Reference Standards ; Terminology as Topic ; Translating ; Vocabulary, Controlled ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUNDCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective electrical therapy for patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. This study aimed to investigate the degree of acute left ventricular (LV) resynchronization with biventricular pacing (BVP) at different LV sites and to examine the feasibility of performing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to quantify acute LV resynchronization during CRT procedure.

METHODSFourteen patients with NYHA Class III-IV heart failure, LV ejection fraction < or = 35%, QRS duration > or = 120 ms and septal-lateral delay (SLD) > or = 60 ms on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), underwent CRT implant. TDI was obtained from three apical views during BVP at each accessible LV site and SLD during BVP was derived. Synchronicity gain index (Sg) by SLD was defined as (1 + (SLD at baseline--SLD at BVP)/SLD at baseline).

RESULTSSeventy-two sites were studied. Positive resynchronization (R+, Sg > 1) was found in 42 (58%) sites. R+ was more likely in posterior or lateral than anterior LV sites (66% vs. 36%, P < 0.001). Concordance of empirical LV lead implantation sites and sites with R+ was 50% (7/14).

CONCLUSIONSThe degree of acute LV resynchronization by BVP depends on LV lead location and empirical implantation of LV lead results in only 50% concordance with R+. Performing TTE during CRT implantation is feasible to identify LV sites with positive resynchronization.

Aged ; Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ; methods ; Echocardiography ; methods ; Female ; Heart Failure ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left ; therapy