No abstract available.
Memantine

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
*Anesthesia, General ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Patient Preference ; *Patient Satisfaction

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Depressive Disorder*

On the horizon there is a new class of psychoactive medications which work by inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. There are multiple potential indications for these drugs. Research suggests that they may have a role in treating depressive disorders, and it is plausible they may have potential efficacy in obesity, addiction, and pain syndromes. The current review describes some of the molecules in development presently and explores the research relevant to possible clinical uses for this class of medications.
Depressive Disorder ; Dopamine ; Neurons ; Norepinephrine ; Obesity ; Serotonin

The immune hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) fits well with the supposed interaction between genetic and environmental factors in disorders with a complicated etiopathogenesis. It has been suggested that infectious diseases are associated with MDD in that cytokines may play a critical role as a key modulator in the transition between infection and the development of MDD. It has been also suggested that antidepressants have immunomodulatory effects on some cytokines and cytokine receptors, although the exact mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Among cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is especially well known and has attracted considerable interest owing to its immunomodulatory functions. MCP-1 is expressed in highly regionalized neuronal areas in the brain, leading to kind of modulation of neuronal activity and neuroendocrine functions commonly seen in patients with MDD. Additionally, it is involved in the control of other cytokines that have been consistently proposed as associated with the development of MDD. It also has a possible role in the neurodegenerative process of a number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Hence, this paper draws from the perspective of immunology to offer several suggestions about the role of MPC-1 in the development of MDD.
Allergy and Immunology ; Antidepressive Agents ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Chemokine CCL2* ; Communicable Diseases ; Cytokines ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Humans ; Neurons ; Receptors, Cytokine

The immune hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) fits well with the supposed interaction between genetic and environmental factors in disorders with a complicated etiopathogenesis. It has been suggested that infectious diseases are associated with MDD in that cytokines may play a critical role as a key modulator in the transition between infection and the development of MDD. It has been also suggested that antidepressants have immunomodulatory effects on some cytokines and cytokine receptors, although the exact mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Among cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is especially well known and has attracted considerable interest owing to its immunomodulatory functions. MCP-1 is expressed in highly regionalized neuronal areas in the brain, leading to kind of modulation of neuronal activity and neuroendocrine functions commonly seen in patients with MDD. Additionally, it is involved in the control of other cytokines that have been consistently proposed as associated with the development of MDD. It also has a possible role in the neurodegenerative process of a number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Hence, this paper draws from the perspective of immunology to offer several suggestions about the role of MPC-1 in the development of MDD.
Allergy and Immunology ; Antidepressive Agents ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Chemokine CCL2* ; Communicable Diseases ; Cytokines ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Humans ; Neurons ; Receptors, Cytokine

Some novel antiepileptic drugs including lamotrigine and so on appear to have mood-stabilizing properties. Lamotrigine has the promising effets in terms of its efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression. But its potential for developing fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a weakpoint to apply in clinical field. Gabapentin appears to have partial effects in non-refractory bipolar depression according to uncontrolled and natu-ralistic data. Topiramate also has mild to moderate mood stabilizing efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression and also, it has the advantage of losing weight, occasionally. In conclusion, with data to date, limited data show the possibility of novel antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of bipolar depression, but further research is required before clinicians can definitely grasp theses agents as inevitable option in the treatment of bipolar depression.
Anticonvulsants* ; Bipolar Disorder ; Hand Strength ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

No abstract available.
Humans ; Serotonin*