Although most of the patients with endobronchial tuberculosis have some degree of bronchial stenosis, more aggressive treatment is needed to restore the patency of the involved tracheobronchial tree for some patients not responding well to antituberculous chemotherapy combined with steroids. In our first case, we resected stenotic trachea in a 42 years old women who showed overgrowing granulation tissue through the modified Gianturco stent wire which was previously inserted and anastomosed end to end. Another case was a 37 years old male with left main bronchial restenosis complicated after inserting a Strecker stent and sleeve left upper lobectomy was performed.
Adult ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Granulation Tissue ; Humans ; Male ; Stents* ; Steroids ; Trachea ; Tuberculosis

Although most of the patients with endobronchial tuberculosis have some degree of bronchial stenosis, more aggressive treatment is needed to restore the patency of the involved tracheobronchial tree for some patients not responding well to antituberculous chemotherapy combined with steroids. In our first case, we resected stenotic trachea in a 42 years old women who showed overgrowing granulation tissue through the modified Gianturco stent wire which was previously inserted and anastomosed end to end. Another case was a 37 years old male with left main bronchial restenosis complicated after inserting a Strecker stent and sleeve left upper lobectomy was performed.
Adult ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Granulation Tissue ; Humans ; Male ; Stents* ; Steroids ; Trachea ; Tuberculosis

Between January 1986 and December 1995, 24 patients were treated surgically for thymoma. There were 17 males and 7 females, and their ages ranged from 23 to 69 years old and mean age was 49 years. Thymomas were associated with fourteen my asthenia gravis, and classified histologically as lymphocytic in 12 patients, mixed in 8, epithelial in 4, and classified clinically as stage I in 11, stage II in 4, stage III in 8 and stage VI in 1 patient. Eleven patients with non-invasive thymoma had received surgical resection, and 10 out of 13 patients with invasive thymoma were able to undergo complete resection. A partial resection or tissue biopsy followed by radiation or chemotherapy was done with the remaining three patients. Three died, four had improvement of symptom, two had relapse and fifteen had no symptom during follow up ranged from 25 days to 60 months. In fourteen cases of thymoma with myasthenia gravis, one died due to myasthenic crisis, two showed symptom aggravation, six had less medical treatment and five patients had medical treatment as same as dosage received preoperatively.
Aged ; Asthenia ; Biopsy ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Myasthenia Gravis ; Recurrence ; Thymoma*

PURPOSE: Carpal tunnel decompression using the limited one incision technique in carpal tunnel syndrome is difficult to evaluate in terms of postoperative improvement and complications. We analyzed the clinical efficacy by defining the effect of decompression after carpal tunnel release using the modified limited proximal one-incision technique. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Symptoms and signs (pain, paresthesia, Phalen test and Tinel sign) were analyzed in 35 patients, 63 hands, which were followed up for a year or more, among patients who had been operated upon using the limited proximal one-incision technique from January, 1994 to June, 1999. RESULT: Pain was relieved two weeks after the operation. Paresthesia, two-point discrimination, Phalen test, and Tinel sign improved progressively postoperativley. According to the Cseuz criteria, 53 hands (84%) were estimated to degreesgood "12 months after operation. CONCLUSION: The carpal tunnel can be released using a limited proximal one-incision technique, has few complications and produces results comparable with standard classical decompression or the endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Patient satisfaction was good at 12 months postoperatively. We suggest that carpal tunnel syndrome requires long-term follow-up and analysis.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Decompression* ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Paresthesia ; Patient Satisfaction

OBJECTIVE: Although mood stabilizer monotherapy is the recommended initial therapy for bipolar disorder, the use of atypical antipsychotics in bipolar patients is increasing recently. Moreover, the medical literature is demonstrating that the combination of atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers is a more effective therapy. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of risperidone in patients with acute manic and mixed state of bipolar disorder. METHODS: This study was a 4-week, open-label, combination, prospective investigation using risperidone in combination with mood stabilizers. In total, 114 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder, manic or mixed episode, were recruited. Risperidone was given in combination with mood stabilizers in doses according to clinical response and tolerability. Efficacy was assessed with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Bipolar (CGI-BP). The Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SARS) was applied to assess extrapyramidal symptoms. RESULTS: The combination of risperidone with mood stabilizers produced highly significant improvements (p<0.001) on the YMRS, HAMD, BPRS, GAS, and CGI-BP at both 1 week and 4 weekweeks. Analysis of the YMRS, BPRS, GAS, and CGI-BP scores revealed significant improvement in both the manic and mixed group. The HAMD score was decreased only in the mixed group. Body weight was increased significantly after 1 week. Risperidone was well tolerated, and adverse events were mostly mild, with the most frequent extrapyramidal symptoms and sedation. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the combination of risperidone with mood stabilizers was an effective and safe treatment for acute manic symptoms and coexisting depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder. Randomized, double-blind, placebo or active controlled studies are needed.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Bipolar Disorder* ; Body Weight ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Prospective Studies* ; Risperidone*

Purpose: This study aimed to provide the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and 5-year relative survival rates of lung cancer diagnosed in 2015. Materials and Methods: The demographic risk factors of lung cancer were calculated using the KALC-R (Korean Association of Lung Cancer Registry) cohort in 2015, with survival follow-up until December 31, 2020. The 5-year relative survival rates were estimated using Ederer II methods, and the general population data used the death rate adjusted for sex and age published by the Korea Statistical Information Service from 2015 to 2020. Results: We enrolled 2,657 patients with lung cancer who were diagnosed in South Korea in 2015. Of all patients, 2,098 (79.0%) were diagnosed with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 345 (13.0%) were diagnosed with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), respectively. Old age, poor performance status, and advanced clinical stage were independent risk factors for both NSCLC and SCLC. In addition, the 5-year relative survival rate declined with advanced stage in both NSCLC (82%, 59%, 16%, 10% as the stage progressed) and SCLC (16%, 4% as the stage progressed). In patients with stage IV adenocarcinoma, the 5-year relative survival rate was higher in the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation (19% vs. 11%) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation (38% vs. 11%). Conclusion In this Korean nationwide survey, the 5-year relative survival rates of NSCLC were 82% at stage I, 59% at stage II, 16% at stage III, and 10% at stage IV, and the 5-year relative survival rates of SCLC were 16% in cases with limited disease, and 4% in cases with extensive disease.

The function of microglia/macrophages after ischemic stroke is poorly understood. This study examines the role of microglia/macrophages in the focal infarct area after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rhesus monkeys. We measured infarct volume and neurological function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and non-human primate stroke scale (NHPSS), respectively, to assess temporal changes following MCAO. Activated phagocytic microglia/macrophages were examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem brains (n=6 MCAO, n=2 controls) at 3 and 24 hours (acute stage), 2 and 4 weeks (subacute stage), and 4, and 20 months (chronic stage) following MCAO. We found that the infarct volume progressively decreased between 1 and 4 weeks following MCAO, in parallel with the neurological recovery. Greater presence of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)-expressing microglia/macrophages was detected in the infarct lesion in the subacute and chronic stage, compared to the acute stage. Surprisingly, 98~99% of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) was found colocalized with CD68-expressing cells. CD68-expressing microglia/macrophages, rather than CD206⁺ cells, may exert anti-inflammatory effects by secreting TGFβ after the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. CD68⁺ microglia/macrophages can therefore be used as a potential therapeutic target.
Brain ; Haplorhini ; Immunohistochemistry ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Inflammation ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Microglia ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Primates ; Stroke ; Transforming Growth Factor beta