By observing the correlationships between the characteristics of the facial pattern and the methods of establishing the position of the lower central incisor to the five reference lines on the lateral roentacenocephalograms, the author tried to fine the most useful method of them, the criteris of which were the independence of a vatiation according to facial patterns, the close rslationships with soft tissue and lip balance, and the simple and consistent usefulness in clinical practice. The subject consisted of forty normal occlusions, forty class II div 1 malocclusion, forty class III malocclusions, ten treated class II div 1 cases and ten treated class III cases, all were in 14-17 yrs of age. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. The position of the lower central incisor to FP, OP, MP and NB showed variations according to ANB, FMA, Facial convesity and holdaway angle. 2. The position of the lover central incisor to AP line (A-Pog) was not correlated with ANB, FMA, Facial convexity and Holdaway angle, so it can be used consistently, regardlesss of the facial pattern. 3. The linear position of the incisal edge of the lower central incisor to AP line has a profound influence on harmonious soft tissue and lip balance.
Incisor* ; Lip ; Malocclusion

PURPOSE AND METHODS: Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most important diseases of childhood, especially for young infants. To characterize the patients diagnosed with febrile UTI in their first 6 months of life and to explore the risk factors of recurrent UTI, a retrospective study was performed. RESULTS: Among the 90 patients studied, 77 were boys(86%). First episodes of UTI were diagnosed at the age of 2.5+/-1.4 months. These patients underwent ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary tract(n=90) and voiding cystourethrography(n=81) where 53 and 35 studies showed abnormal findings respectively, and a total of 45 cases of urinary tract anomaly including vesicoureteral reflux(VUR, n=35) were diagnosed. Normal findings on ultrasonography indicated decreased risk of VUR in boys of 1-3 months of age(n=30). 53 patients were followed up more than 6 months and 45 episodes of subsequent UTI developed in 29 patients during the first 6-month period. Patients with relapse were older than patients without relapse at the diagnosis of first UTI, but other clinical parameters including abnormal findings on the imaging studies and prophylactic antibiotics prescription were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: UTI in early infancy occurred mainly in male infants and half of the patients had structural anomalies. USG was of clinical value in detecting anomalies requiring surgical intervention, and to rule out high grade VUR in 1-3 months old boys. Results of the imaging study or prophylactic antibiotics could not modify the risk of recurrent UTI.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Prescriptions ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Ethics, Medical ; Health Communication/ethics ; Humans ; Mass Media/*ethics ; Physicians/*ethics ; Republic of Korea ; Social Support ; Societies, Medical/ethics

NPHP is the most common monogenic cause of CKD in children or adolescents. Extra-renal symptoms often accompany, therefore examination of retina, hearing, and skeleton is necessary in patients with CKD with insidious onset. Genes involved in NPHP-RC are mostly related in primary cilia. While genetic diagnosis is necessary for definitive diagnosis, there is no curative treatment.
Adolescent ; Child ; Cilia ; Diagnosis ; Hearing ; Humans ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Retina ; Skeleton

NPHP is the most common monogenic cause of CKD in children or adolescents. Extra-renal symptoms often accompany, therefore examination of retina, hearing, and skeleton is necessary in patients with CKD with insidious onset. Genes involved in NPHP-RC are mostly related in primary cilia. While genetic diagnosis is necessary for definitive diagnosis, there is no curative treatment.
Adolescent ; Child ; Cilia ; Diagnosis ; Hearing ; Humans ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Retina ; Skeleton

We reviewed the clinical features, histrologic patterns and clinical courses of 30 children with lupus nephritis retrospectively, and the results were summerized as follows; 1) The male to female ratio was 1:2.8, and the mean age at the onset was 10 8/12 years. 2) The clinical symptoms were diverse, and malaise, weight loss, anorexia, fever and malar rash were the most frequent findings. 3) Among the immunologic tests, FANA and anti-ds-DNA test revealed the highest sensitivity with positive rates of 97% and 87%, respectively. 4) Clinically, 57% of patients had active nephrotic syndrome at the onset, and 33% showed (?) was the most common findings (70%). 5) During the follow-up period, one children with Class IV lupus nephritis expired. And 8 out of 9 cases with renal insufficiency at the onset showed improvement of renal function after treatment with corticosteroid and cytotoxic agents. In conclusion, the clinical features and histologic findings of lupus nephritis in children were diverse. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can prevent rapid deterioration of renal function and improve long-term survival rate.
Anorexia ; Child* ; Cytotoxins ; Early Diagnosis ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunologic Tests ; Lupus Nephritis* ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Renal Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Estradiol* ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic* ; Progesterone*

The role of surgical wire in the bone and joint surgery is very important. To get a maximum effect of the surgical wiring, the orthopaedic surgeon should not only select appropriate wire diameter but also apply adequate wiring technique. When strong fixation is required, wire loops are frequently untrustworthy. These are due to insufficient caliber or inadequate technique of wire thightening and/or twisting. The theoretical background for effective wiring technique and useful diameter in cerclage wiring is poor. Ultimate stress and stress at breaking point of different diameter of the wire was higher in 16G than 18G or 21G. Twist knot was stronger than knot twist. Wire holder was more effect than tensioner(york). Tension tightening with twist knot by wire holder have been found most suitable for internal fixation by surgical wire.
Joints

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS) has been detected in approximately 10% of cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children, and exhibits a poor response to initial steroid therapy, as well as a higher rate of progression to chronic renal failure and relapse after kidney transplantation. We describe a case of an eleven year-old boy with steroid-resistant FSGS who exhibited a response to a second trial of cyclosporin A(CsA) therapy. At the age of 26 months, this patient was diagnosed with steroid-resistant FSGS. For 9 years, he had undergone a gauntlet of therapies to induce remission; oral steroids, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone(mehylPd) pulse therapy, CsA, and ibuprofen therapy. Although these therapies failed to induce remission, the patient's renal function remained in the normal range during the nine years of treatment. At the age of ten years, the patient's proteinuria decreased, and complete remission was attained with a second administration of CsA, coupled with a low dose of oral steroids. This patient continues to receive CsA without relapse. Therefore, our major concern involves the possibility of relapse after the discontinuation of CsA therapy. Our findings in this case suggest that, in cases of refractory FSGS, if renal insufficiency does not emerge, aggressive therapy for the amelioration of proteinuria should be continuously pursued.
Child ; Cyclophosphamide ; Cyclosporine* ; Humans ; Ibuprofen ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Proteinuria ; Recurrence ; Reference Values ; Renal Insufficiency ; Steroids

Thromboembolic complications (TECs) are clinically important sequelae of nephrotic syndrome (NS). The incidence of TECs in children is approximately 2%-5%. The veins are the most commonly affected sites, particularly the deep veins in the legs, the inferior vena cava, the superior vena cava, and the renal veins. Arterial thrombosis, which is less common, typically occurs in the cerebral, pulmonary, and femoral arteries, and is associated with the use of steroids and diuretics. Popliteal artery thrombosis in children has been described in cases of traumatic dissection, osteochondroma, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, and fibromuscular dysplasia. We report of a 33-month-old girl with bilateral iliac and popliteal arterial thrombosis associated with steroid-resistant NS due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Her treatment involved thrombectomy and intravenous heparinization, followed by oral warfarin for 8 months. Herein, we report a rare case of spontaneous iliac and popliteal arterial thrombosis in a young child with NS.
Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Diuretics ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; Fibromuscular Dysplasia ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental* ; Heparin ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Incidence ; Leg ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Osteochondroma ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; Popliteal Artery ; Renal Veins ; Steroids ; Thrombectomy ; Thrombosis* ; Veins ; Vena Cava, Inferior ; Vena Cava, Superior ; Warfarin