OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common disorder of the school-age population. ADHD is familial and genetic studies estimate heritability at 80–90%. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the genetic type and alleles for RELNgene (rs736707, rs2229864, rs362746, rs362726, rs362691, rs1062831, rs607755, and rs2072403) in Korean children with ADHD. METHODS: The sample consisted of 180 ADHD children and 159 control children. We diagnosed ADHD according to DSM-IV. ADHD symptoms were evaluated with Conners' Parent Rating Scales and Dupaul Parent ADHD Rating Scales. Blood samples were taken from the 339 subjects, DNA was extracted from blood lymphocytes, and PCR was performed for RELN Polymorphism. Alleles and genotype frequencies were compared using the chi-square test. We compared the allele and genotype frequencies of RELN gene polymorphism in the ADHD and control groups. RESULTS: This study showed that there was a significant correlation among the frequencies of the rs736707 (OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.03–1.90, p=0.031) of alleles of RELN, but the final conclusions are not definite. CONCLUSION: Follow up studies with larger patient or pure subgroups are expected. These results suggested that RELN might be related to ADHD symptoms.
Alleles ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; DNA ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Parents ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Weights and Measures

A condition of underestimation of sleep is classified as paradoxical insomnia or sleep state misperception. However, overestimation of sleep, so called positive sleep state misperception has not been clearly described. Here we report a middle-aged woman with positive sleep state misperception who presented excessive sleepiness mimicking hypersomnia.
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence* ; Female ; Humans ; Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

We reported herein a rare case of a 65-year-old female who lead intestinal tuberculosis of about 2 months duration, with little late development of metastatit berculosis abscess of the skin. The lesions were egg tow wolnut-sized abscesses or nodules occu in, on the back, right flank and lower abdomen with no pain or mild tenderness. Physical exami saion was unremarkable on dissemination of other sites. The tuberculin test was negative. The skin esions were diagnosed by clinical, histopathologic features, and positive results for Mycobactc iuntuberculosis in smear.; and cultures in the pus discharge: as well as polymerase chain reaction nethod on the nodular lesion. A barium enema showed the findings of intestinal tuberculosis, with positive culture in the stool. A combined treatment was intituted. During the initial 4 month, utaneous lesions did not respond and in some cases worsened with the multidrug of isoniazicr fampin, pyrazinamide and streptomycin, all of which were surgically excised. Thereafter, the drugs of isoniazid and rifampin were further administered for ahout 14 months, with the complete resecution of both lesions and the systemic symptomatolo. There was no relapse at follow-up after 6 months.
Abdomen ; Abscess* ; Aged ; Barium ; Enema ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Isoniazid ; Ovum ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pyrazinamide ; Recurrence ; Rifampin ; Skin* ; Streptomycin ; Suppuration ; Tuberculin Test ; Tuberculosis*

This study was performed to investigate the effect of octreotide on the contractility of rat vas deferens. The -smooth muscle strips isolated from the prostatic portion were myographied in isolated organ bath. Electric -field stimulation (monophasic square wave, duration : 1. mSec, voltage : 50 V, frequency : 5 Hz or 30 Hz, train : 10 Sec) produced reproducible contraction. The contraction was composed of two component, first phasic component (FPC) and second tonicc component (STC).. These contractions were abolished by -tetrodotoxin (1 microM). Octreotide inhibited the field stimulation induced contractions both FPC and STC concentration- dependently. The FPC was decreased by a desentization of purinergic receptor by pretreatment of mATP, and the STC was decreased by pr,,creatment of reserpine (3 mg/kg, EP) 24 hours before experiments. Octreotide reduced the field stimulation induced contraction in the presence of mATP and of reserpinized muscle strips. The inhibitory effect of octreotide was more potent at 5 Hz than at 30 Hz. Octreotide did not affect basal ton and exogenous norepinephrine- or ATP-induced contraction. These results suggest that octreotide inhibit the contractility of the isolated rat vas deferens by inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters, both ATP and norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminal.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Baths ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Norepinephrine ; Octreotide* ; Rats* ; Reserpine ; Vas Deferens*

No abstract available.
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact* ; Rosa*

No abstract available.
Catecholamines* ; Female ; Labor Stage, Second* ; Parturition* ; Plasma* ; Pregnancy ; Supine Position*

Small follicular cysts are common findings in the ovaries of prepubertal girls, and in most cases, they are of no clinical importance. Ocassionally these cysts may enlarge and continue to produce estrogen, resulting in signs of precocious sexual development and vaginal bleeding. We have experienced a case of a precocious pseudopuberty causing ovarian follicular cyst which was treated by exploratory laparotomy. we present this case with a brief review of literatures
Estrogens ; Female ; Follicular Cyst* ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Ovary ; Sexual Development ; Uterine Hemorrhage

Sleep-related laryngospasm is a rare cause of sleep-related breathing disturbance which produce stridor or interruption of airflow associated with a distinct polysomnography arousal pattern. We report a case of a sixty-five-year-old woman who was referred for awakenings with abrupt respiratory distress and fear of suffocation. A polysomnography showed a total or near-total cessation of airflow, followed by choking and stridor for several minutes with a rapid increase in heart rate. Temporary hoarseness was seen. The esophageal pH monitoring indicated acid reflux, which confirmed gastroesophageal reflux disease. The protonpump inhibitor eliminated the sleep-related laryngospasm.
Airway Obstruction ; Arousal ; Asphyxia ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux* ; Heart Rate ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Laryngismus* ; Polysomnography ; Respiration ; Respiratory Sounds

No abstract available.
Ultrasonography*

We report an unusual case of necrobiosis lipoidica with prominent cholesterol clefts in a 36-year-old man who had developed multiple, 0.5~5cm in diameter, round to oval-shaped erythematous plaques on both shins for over 3 years. Laboratory findings showed the following; cholesterol, 250mg/dl; triglyceride, 208mg/dl; blood sugar level fasting/2-h postprandial, 101/92mg/dl; and other findings were within normal limits or negative. There was no paraproteinemia. The biopsy specimen showed various lymphohistiocytic granuloma with many giants cell in the mid and deep dermis, and septal fibrosis in the subcutaneous tissue. There were also extensive areas of necrobiosis with prominent cholesterol clefts mimicking necrobiotic xanthogranuloma.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol* ; Dermis ; Fibrosis ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Necrobiosis Lipoidica* ; Necrobiotic Disorders* ; Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma ; Paraproteinemias ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Triglycerides