Although many approaches have been attempted in the evaluation of liver size such as measurement of length,area and volume, the linear measurements have been used most frequently because of simplicity. We measured theliver size using 4 linear measurements for evaluation of hepatic pliability on plain abdominal film in the erectand the supine position. Our cases consisted of 125 persons who have no symptom or signs clinically and havenormal liver function test. The results were as follows: 1. The measurements of the liver size using diagonaldiameter(DD), oblique diameter of right lobe(OD), midline vertical diameter(MD) and height of right dome of theliver(HD) were ; 19.6+-1.8cm, 13.7+-1.6cm, 2.03+-0.4cm in the supine position; and 20.5+-2.1cm, 21.9+-2.1cm,15.4+-2.1cm, 1.87+-0.4cm in the erect position, respectively. 2. The differences of each diameter between erectand supine position were 0.9+-1.0cm in DD, 0.9+-1.0cm in OD and 1.7+-1.4cm in MD, and they were longer in thesupine position (p<0.001). 3. The HD was slinghtly longer in the supine position than in the erect position(p<0.001). 4. Among the 4 measurements, the largest difference of linear diameter between the erect and the supineposition was by MD. 5. We found the change or size and shape of the normal liver in the different position.
Humans ; Liver ; Liver Function Tests ; Pliability ; Supine Position

No abstract available.
Humans ; Kidney ; Niacin

No abstract available.
Humans ; Kidney ; Niacin

No abstract available.
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic*

No abstract available.
Renal Dialysis

Prevention, early detection, and treatment of renal disease in diabetic patients are becoming major healthcare issues. It is well known that hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Therapeutic options such as strict glycemic control and early antihypertensive treatment effectively prevent or slow the progression of renal disease in both types of diabetes, depending on the clinical manifestations. The mainstay of diabetic nephropathy therapy is good glycemic control and maintaining optimal blood pressure with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Additionally, correction of dyslipidemia and cessation of smoking are additional important factors to prevent and slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Biochemical and hemodynamic hypotheses have been proposed and are supported by animal models as the principal causes of the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. This review discusses new insights into the recent trend focusing on new therapies, including hemodynamic agents and biochemical agents for preventing and delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Blood Pressure ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Dyslipidemias ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Models, Animal ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

Prevention, early detection, and treatment of renal disease in diabetic patients are becoming major healthcare issues. It is well known that hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Therapeutic options such as strict glycemic control and early antihypertensive treatment effectively prevent or slow the progression of renal disease in both types of diabetes, depending on the clinical manifestations. The mainstay of diabetic nephropathy therapy is good glycemic control and maintaining optimal blood pressure with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Additionally, correction of dyslipidemia and cessation of smoking are additional important factors to prevent and slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Biochemical and hemodynamic hypotheses have been proposed and are supported by animal models as the principal causes of the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. This review discusses new insights into the recent trend focusing on new therapies, including hemodynamic agents and biochemical agents for preventing and delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Blood Pressure ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Dyslipidemias ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Models, Animal ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

Therapeutic manipulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an important strategy for improving hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Development of hyperkalemia after the administration of RAAS inhibitors is of particular concern because patients at highest risk for this complication are often the same patients who derive the greatest cardiovascular or renoprotective benefit. Based on an overview of the incidence of hyperkalemia during treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers alone and in combination, this review suggests approaches for monitoring, detecting, and managing hyperkalemia in patients treated with RAAS inhibitors. Although the incidence of hyperkalemia with RAAS inhibitors is generally low, hyperkalemia can be associated with increased mortality. When using RAAS inhibitors, it is important to monitor on-treatment electrolyte levels and renal function parameters in patients with a high risk for hyperkalemia.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Angiotensins ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Renin-Angiotensin System

Kimura's disease is a granulomatous disease which develops in the skin, subcutaneous tissues and lymph nodes and is characterized histologically by the presence of lymphoid follicles, vascular proli- feration and infiltration with eosinophils. The disease shows geographical predilection to Japan, China and South East Asia. The exact etiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. Some patients had proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome. We have recently experienced the superimposed oliguric acute renal failure associated with Kimura's disease in a male patient with chronic renal failure who had been managed conservatively. Inguinal lymph node biopsy revealed Kimura's disease. He recovered from acute renal failure after being treated with hemodialysis and prednisolone. Lymphadeno- pathy and fever subsided with steroid treatment. We report a case of Kimura's disease which was complicated by acute renal failure in the patient with chronic renal failure.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Biopsy ; China ; Eosinophils ; Far East ; Fever ; Humans ; Japan ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Prednisolone ; Proteinuria ; Renal Dialysis ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue

With worldwide epidemic of diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy which is one of the major causes of microvascular complication has become a serious concern in Korea as well as the rest of the world. In view of its significance, there is an urgent and paramount need for proper managements that could either deter or slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Despite advances in care, ever increasing number of patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease and from end-stage renal disease implies that the current management is not adequate in many aspects. The reasons for these inadequacies compromise lack of early diagnosis, failure to intervene with timely and aggressive manner, and lack of understanding on the kind of interventions required. Another issue equally important for the adequate care of patients with diabetic nephropathy is an understanding of past, present and future epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy which serves, especially in Korea, as a material determining standard diagnosis and treatment and a national health-policy decision.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Epidemiology* ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Renal Replacement Therapy