Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart disease often encountered in the adult population, as it is frequently asymptomatic in childhood. In untreated patients with ASD, some may go on to develop complications such as atrial arrythmias, pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome. Pulmonary hypertension is seen in 6 – 35% of this group of untreated patients in adulthood as a result of left-to-right shunting. Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include progressive dyspnoea, ascites and syncope. Here, we would like to illustrate a case of ASD presenting with recurrent syncopal attack.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease that we see in our daily clinical practice. It can involve almost every organs in the body. Cardiac manifestations of SLE include pericarditis, myocarditis, heart block, coronary artery disease and others. Here, we report a case of SLE with an uncommon presentation of massive pericardial effusion as initial presentation. Here we also highlight that massive pericardial effusion can also be associated with other complications of SLE such as heart failure and lupus nephritis.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from cartilaginous bone or soft tissue. It is uncommon yet devastating. Our patient was a 21-year-old man who presented with pleuritic chest pain and weight loss. His chest radiograph showed left pleural effusion. His pleural effusion analysis was consistent with exudative pleural effusion. Tuberculosis workup was negative. Pleural fluid cytology did not yield malignant cells. Subsequently, his computed tomography of thorax showed left rib sclerotic lesion with soft tissue component. Biopsy of the soft tissue eventually confirmed the diagnosis of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. He succumbed to his illness before the diagnosis was confirmed. We hope that through this case report, we are able to provide some insight into this rare condition.

Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare condition. We report a case of a 36-year-old female who presented with dyspnoea every time before she had her regular menses. Further investigation confirmed that she had catamenial pneumothorax. With this case we wish to highlight this rare diagnostic entity that every clinician should keep in mind.

Malaria is a parasitic disease that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Worldwide, it remains a significant public health problem especially in the Africa region where it contributes to more than 90% of cases and malaria death. However, zoonotic (simian) Plasmodium knowlesi parasite is a widely prevalent cause of malaria in the South East Asian countries. It is known to cause severe human disease due to its 24hour erythrocytic cycles. Thus far, cases of severe falciparum malaria have been reported in asplenic patients. Here, we report a case of severe P.knowlesi malaria in a 51-year-old man who is a postsplenectomy patient.

Chest radiograph is one of the most commonly employed imaging modalities in primary care. It may be done for symptomatic patients or routine health screening. Hence, it is important for a primary care physician to be able to interpret chest radiograph systematically in relation to patient’s clinical history. Here, we would like to illustrate a case of abnormal chest radiograph detected during health screening.

Skin conditions are a common reason for consulting primary health care. The public frequently expects their primary health care providers to be able to recognise and treat common skin conditions with confidence. Primary care providers must be able to identify ‘red flag’ skin conditions that require dermatology referral. However, diagnosis is often delayed due to the non-specific clinical presentation, low incidence, slow evolution and long-term history of such lesions. We report the case of a patient with extramammary Paget’s disease that presented to her primary care provider and subsequently underwent a wide local excision.

Introduction: Excessive ultraviolet light (UV) can cause premature skin aging and potentially skin cancer. Currently there is a lack of awareness among health care professionals and the public on sun protection. The objectives of this study were to determine knowledge on sunscreen and skin cancer among health care professionals, to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, practice and perception of doctors and pharmacists toward the usage of sunscreen as protection against UV radiation. Materials And Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among doctors and pharmacists in Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Questionnaires were used in this study. Results: A total of 384 participants completed the questionnaires. The participants consisted of 323 doctors (84.1%) and 61 pharmacists (15.9%). The age group of the participants ranged between 25 till 55 years old. Ninety doctors (27.9%) and thirty-one pharmacists (51.0%) reported used sunscreen daily (p<0.001). This finding showed that there was a deficit in the practice of sun protection. Pharmacists scored a higher knowledge score of median 12 (IQR=3.0) while the doctors scored 11 (IQR=2.0). This study showed a significant association between ethnicity and skin cancer knowledge (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a lack of knowledge of sunscreen and skin cancer prevention among health care practitioners. This finding supports better medical education program on this topic.

Haemothorax refer to the bleeding in the pleural space. It is commonly due to iatrogenic, blunt or penetrating chest trauma. Non-traumatic haemothorax is a rare entity that can potentially lead to life threatening complications. The initial management of both traumatic and non-traumatic haemothorax includes resuscitation and stabilisation of the patient. We would like to present two cases of non-traumatic haemothorax secondary to an avulsed bullae vessel.