Objective To investigate the development status of tumor radiotherapy in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods A questionnaire survey we used last time was conducted by letter,Email,telephone or fax to investigate all the medical institutions in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for researching the current status of radiotherapy academic settings,human resources,allocation of radiotherapy facilities and standardization of medical practices.Results Up to the end of January 2015,there were 30 medical electron linear accelerators,21 simulated locators,10 breach-loading brachytherapy machines,31 treatment planning systems and 5γ or X knives in Xinjiang.Radiotherapy was carried out in 20 medical institutions,including 14 three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and 9 intensity modulated radiation therapy,8 breach-loading brachytherapy,3 stereotactic radiotherapy,and 2 volumetric modulated arc therapy.There were 280 radiation personnel (except nurses),including 159 radiation oncologists,40 radiotherapy physicists and 81 radiotherapy technologists.There were 1167 hospital beds and 855 cancer patients received radiotherapy on average every day.Conclusions Although radiation personnel has increased,radiotherapy facilities have been improved,hospital beds and patients received radiotherapy also have become more,the improvements are needed for cause of imbalance in precise radiation therapy development.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of VEGF mRNA and protein in the injured brain of rats irradiated by 20 Gy of electron beams.Methods A total of 114 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups,42 rats in sham group with sham-irradiation,and the other 72 rats in irradiation group that the whole brains of rats were administered with a single dose of 20 Gy electron beam (6 MeV) to establish an animal model of radiation-induced brain injury.All rats were terminated at 1,3,7,14,28,42,56 d post-irradiation respectively.The pathological changes were observed with light microscopies.Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to measure the level of VEGF mRNA in the brain tissue.The expression of VEGF protein in whole brain tissue was detected with Western blot.The VEGF protein expression in brain endothelium,gliacyte and neuron were measured via immunohistoehemistry with computerized image processing.Results The pathological process of radiationinduced brain injury (RBI) included brain endothelial cell damage,brain edema,thrombosis formation and ablation,revascularization and angiogenesis.In the irradiation group,the expression of VEGF mRNA was declined significantly at 1,3,7,2g,42 d post-irradiation (t =16.275-46.118,P ＜ 0.05).The VEGF protein expression in whole brain tissue was up-regulated at 1 and 7 d after irradiation,but downregulated at 3,14,28,42,56 d post-irradiation.There were VEGF positive cells in the brain endothelium,gliacyte and neuron at 1 d after irradiation.The expression of VEGF protein in gliacyte and neuron significantly was increased at 1,14,42,56 d post-irradiation (t =-8.394--4.697,P ＜ 0.05),and increased significantly in brain endothelial cells at 1,14,and 42 d after irradiation (t =-5.554--4.159,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The expression of VEGF mRNA was relatively suppressed in RBI rats.The expression of VEGF protein in whole brain tissue was up-regulated only at the early stage of RBI.The expressions of VEGF protein in brain endothelium,gliacyte and neuron were increased in the observation period,which induced brain edema and the formation of thrombosis at the acute RBI stage,and participated in the progression of angiogenesis and thrombosis ablation at the early-delayed RBI stage.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the metabolites in the fecal samples from cervical cancer patients and radiation-induced acute intestinal symptoms during radiotherapy. Methods: A total of 51 cervical cancer patients who received radiotherapy in our hospital from September 2017 to June 2018 were enrolled. One patient was excluded due to efficiant sample failure, so a total of 50 patients were included in the study. Totally 200 fecal samples were collected at four time points, i. e. before radiotherapy, 2 weeks post radiotherapy starting, 4 weeks post radiotherapy starting and end of radiotherapy. These fecal samples were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Data were analyzed with statistical method including partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), agglomerate hierarchical clustering to investigate the trend of metabolites expression in feces. Results: A total of 5 770 metabolic peaks were detected and 121 biomarkers were identified, of which 77 biomarkers were up-regulated and 44 biomarkers were down-regulated. Nineteen biomarkers were significantly changed at four time points after radiotherapy, including 1-methylxanthine, linoleic acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid, phenethylamine, styrene, N-acetylglutamate, nandrolone, 4-acetylaminobutyric acid, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, daidzein, cholic acid, arachidonic acid, methyl leucine, N-formyl-L-methionine, quercetin, phenylalanine, gluconic acid, melibiose and α-CMBHC. Four metabolic pathways of phenylalanine tyrosine, niacin and nicotinamide, linoleic acid and lysine degradation (Pathway imPact >0.1) were found to be related to acute radiation enteritis. Conclusions The metabolites in the feces of cervical cancer patients change significantly during radiotherapy, and some biomarkers in the fecal supernatant are up- or down-regulated to varying degrees as doses increase, which provides new ideas and method for the prediction of acute radiation enteritis.

In recent years,the relationship between gut microbiota and malignant tumors has been a hot topic.Beneficial gut microbiota microenviroment can promote the efficacy of anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial or melanoma,and this efficacy can be achieved by fecal microbiota transplantation.For patients who have received pelvic radiotherapy,gut microbiota composition is significantly changed,and taking probiotics can reduce the radiation-induced toxicities such as diarrhea caused by radiotherapy.The studies have shown that the gut microbiotaof patients who have been given chemotherapy had changed significantly.So improving the related bacteria number can increase the efficacy and tolerance.Balancing the gut microbiome is expected to be a new supportive therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors.

Brain metastases are one of the most common distant metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the prognosis will be extremely poor. The effect of chemotherapy and operation is limited. As a standard treatment, radiotherapy is widely used in clinical practice. Radiotherapy alone includes whole brain radiotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy and whole brain radiotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy. With the continuous development of radiotherapy and the progress of gene sequencing, radiotherapy has been combined with targeted drugs, anti-angiogenic drugs and immunodrugs in the treatment of NSCLC brain metastasis, which can improve the survival of patients with NSCLC brain metastasis.

Cisplatin-based systemic chemotherapy combined with external beam radiation followed by intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) has become the standard treatment modality for locally advanced cervical cancer. Benefiting from the improvement in the imaging accuracy of medical imaging equipment and the development of image fusion technology, ICBT has developed into image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) rather than the mode relying only on single image guidance. Factors such as the selection of a suitable image acquisition technology and the optimization of the multimodal imaging fusion strategy to reduce the dose deviation of IGBT are the key to the success of cervical cancer treatment. Radiotherapy practice is also plagued by these factors. Deep learning-based artificial intelligence technology has emerged in constructing intelligent radiotherapy platforms and solutions and has become an important means of solving the key problems in the multi-modal fusion IGBT for cervical cancer. Moreover, this technology is also a new way to improve the overall diagnosis and treatment level of cervical cancer, reduce the workload of physicians, and popularize the radiotherapy experience in grassroots organizations.

Small bowel capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy have become new methods for clinical diagnosis of radiation enteritis (RE) , especially for abnormal intestinal tissue. Targeted biopsy or interventional therapy is expected to achieve precision treatment of RE. The screening of molecular markers in biological samples has also become a new direction for RE diagnosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation has become one of the promising treatments for RE. In addition, mechanism studies based on traditional Chinese medicine, targeted cell death, and omics analysis provide rich strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of RE.

Objective:To investigate the prognostic factors of oligometastatic (OM) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and the safety and effectiveness of early radiotherapy intervention.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted, including 159 OM NSCLC cases (metastatic sites≤5, metastasis organs≤3) admitted to Department of Radiation Oncology in First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2015 to December 2018. Among 159 cases, there were 107 males and 52 females, with the median age of 63 years. 137 cases were administrated via early radiotherapy intervention, and 22 cases via delayed radiotherapy intervention. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine the progression-free survival time (PFS)/overall survival time (OS) to ascertain the best cut-off value for local control and prognosis. Survival analysis was calculated by Kaplan-Meier curves, and Log rank test was used for comparison of these curves. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for multivariate survival analysis.Results:The median follow-up time of 159 cases was 28.2 months. During the follow-up period, there were 16 cases with complete remission (10.1%), 53 cases with partial remission (33.3%), 27 cases with stable disease (17.0%), and 63 cases with progressed disease(39.6%). The local control rates at 3, 6 and 12 months were 83.9%, 59.7% and 41.0%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) of 159 patients was 8.0 months, the median survival time (OS) was 35.0 months, and 1, 2, and 3-year survival rates were 77.3%, 63.0% and 45.1%, respectively. Adverse reactions related to radiotherapy were relatively mild, mostly grade 1 and 2. PFS/OS= 0.3 is the best cut-off value for determining the patient′s local control and prognosis. The result of univariate analysis showed that gender, number of OM organs, T staging, radiotherapy intervention mode, tumor target volume absorbed dose (DT-GTVnx), PFS/OS were significantly related to median PFS ( χ2=4.175, 16.508, 4.408, 10.300, 6.842, 38.175, P<0.05); gender, pathological type, number of OM organs, initial diagnosis stage, T stage, N stage, lobectomy, radiotherapy intervention mode, tumor target volume (V-GTVnx), tumor load, local control status were significantly related to median OS ( χ2=6.672, 8.330, 21.299, 5.398, 6.874, 6.893, 5.611, 115.206, 4.017, 5.110, 21.299, P< 0.05). The result of multivariate analysis showed that delayed radiotherapy intervention ( HR=3.728, 95% CI 2.099-6.622, P<0.001) was an independent risk factor for PFS in patients with OM NSCLC, and PFS/OS>0.3 ( HR=0.123, 95% CI 0.062-0.246, P<0.001) was an independent protective factor for PFS in patients with OM NSCLC; male ( HR=1.665, 95% CI 1.024-3.043, P=0.033), high tumor burden ( HR=2.113, 95% CI 1.088-4.107, P=0.027), delayed radiotherapy interventions ( HR=15.076, 95% CI 7.925-28.680, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for OS in patients with OM NSCLC. Conclusions:OS of patients with OM NSCLC is significantly prolonged in female, low tumor burden and early radiotherapy intervention. Early radiotherapy intervention significantly improved the prognosis, and radiotherapy-related adverse reactions could be tolerated. These might suggest that local radiotherapy is safe and effective in the treatment of OM NSCLC patients.

Objective:To investigate the prognostic value of TCBI in middle-aged and elderly patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who received radiotherapy.Methods:The clinical data of 191 patients with thoracic ESCC who underwent radiotherapy in the department of Radiation Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the TCBI value on admission [TCBI=serum triglyceride (mg/dl) × total cholesterol (mg/dl) × body weight (kg)/1 000], patients were divided into TCBI low-value group ( n=79) and TCBI high-value group ( n=112). The relationships between TCBI and clinicopathological characteristics of patients were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the overall survival (OS). The log-rank test was adopted to compare the differences in survival between different groups. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of middle-aged and elderly patients with thoracic ESCC. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was applied to verify the accuracy of TCBI for survival prediction. Results:The mean pre-radiotherapy TCBI was 1 082±945 in all patients. The cutoff value of the TCBI was 749. The patients with TCBI<749 served as the TCBI low-value group , and patients with TCBI≥749 served as the TCBI high-value group. TCBI was associated with treatment ( χ2=4.235, P=0.040) and geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI, χ2=8.795, P=0.003). Univariate analysis suggested that male ( HR=2.220, 95% CI: 1.223-4.030, P=0.009), stage N 1-3 ( HR=1.453, 95% CI: 1.023-2.065, P=0.037), GNRI<98 ( HR=1.949, 95% CI: 1.168-3.255, P=0.011) and TCBI<749 ( HR=1.846, 95% CI: 1.298-2.627, P=0.001) were risk factors affecting OS in middle-aged and elderly patients with thoracic ESCC. Besides, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy ( HR=0.641, 95% CI: 0.449-0.915, P=0.014) was a protective factor. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that male ( HR=2.147, 95% CI: 1.173-3.929, P=0.013) and TCBI<749 ( HR=1.664, 95% CI: 1.166-2.376, P=0.005) were independent risk factors for OS. Besides, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy ( HR=0.630, 95% CI: 0.439-0.903, P=0.012) was an independent protective factor. The area under the curve calculated by the ROC curve was 0.619, the sensitivity was 0.742, and the specificity was 0.496 ( P=0.007), confirming the role of TCBI in the prognostic evaluation. Survival analysis showed that the median OS of patients in the TCBI high-value group was 42 months, and the 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 86.6% and 52.7%, significantly higher than those in the TCBI low-value group (20 months, 68.4% and 29.1% respectively; χ2=12.286, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that among patients with radical radiotherapy, 3-year survival rate in patients with lower TCBI ( n=37) was lower than that in patients with higher values ( n=36) (21.6% vs. 44.4%, χ2=8.505, P=0.004). Conclusion:TCBI is a predictor of OS for middle-aged and elderly patients with thoracic ESCC who received radiotherapy. The lower the TCBI, the poorer the survival prognosis.

Immunotherapy mainly includes simple immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitor, therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccine, adoptive T cell therapy, double immunotherapy, etc.) , immunotherapy combined with other treatments (such as chemotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, radiotherapy, etc.) . The continuous development of immunotherapy and the improvement of treatment scheme have improved the survival and prognosis of patients, and provided new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer.