Objective To investigate hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke.Methods The demographics,vascular risk factors,imaging and other clinical data in patients with acute ischemic acute were collected retrospectively and compared.Using the susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) to diagnose HT,and the patients were divided into either a HT group or a non-HT group.The modified Rankin scale was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for HT and poor outcome in HT patients.Results A total of 96 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled and 34 of them had HT (35.4％).The age (66.21 ± 7.04 years vs.61.21 ±13.42 years; t =2.020,P=0.046) and infarct volume (3.88 ±2.20 cm3 vs.1.96 ± 1.37 cm3; t =5.67,P=0.001) in the HT group were significantly older or larger than those in the non-HT group.The proportions of hypertension (58.8％ vs.30.6％;x2 =7.228,P=0.007),diabetes (29.4％ vs.6.5％;x2 =9.293,P=0.002),atrial fibrillation (35.3％ vs.3.2％;x2=18.128,P=0.000),and cardiogenic cerebral embolism (35.3％ vs.3.2％ ; P =0.000) were significantly higher than those in the non-HT group,while the proportion of small arterial occlusive stroke was significantly lower than that in the non-HT group (38.2％ vs.62.9％ ;P =0.032).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.168,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.059-3.412; P =0.021),infarct volume (OR 3.461,95 ％ CI 1.317-6.270; P =0.044) and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.284,95％ CI 1.117-2.903; P =0.015) were the independent risk factors for HT.In the HT patients,age (69.46 ±7.17 years vs.64.19 ±6.31 years; t =2.248,P =0.032) in the poor outcome group was significantly older than that in the good outcome group.The proportions of hypertension (84.6％ vs.42.9％ ;x2 =781,P =0.016),diabetes (50.0％ vs.14.3％ ;x2 =6.053,P =0.014),cardiogenic cerebral embolism (61.5％ vs.19.0％ ; P =0.025) and hematoma HT (76.9％ vs.19.0％ ;x2 =11.104,P =0.001) were significantly higher than those in the good outcome group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the diabetes (OR 2.151,95％ CI 1.179-3.218; P =0.023),atrial fibrillation (OR 4.136,95％ CI1.010 to 8.413; P =0.046) and hernatoma HT (OR 2.134,95％ CI 1.219-4.452; P =0.039) were the independent risk factors for the poor outcomes of HT patients at 3 months after symptom onset.Conelusions The incidence of HT in patients with acute ischemic stroke was 35.4％.Age,infarct volume and atrial fibrillation were the independent risk factors for HT,and diabetes,atrial fibrillation and hematoma HT were the independent risk factors for the poor outcomes in HT patients at 3 months after symptom onset.

Background Workers in printing jobs are exposed to a variety of organic solvents at low levels for a long period of time. Previous studies have focused on the main components in Material Safety Data Sheet or high-risk occupational hazardous agents, but have not been able to comprehensively and accurately identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in printing jobs. Objective To qualitatively analyze the VOCs in ink, detergent, varnish, fountain solution, and other raw and auxiliary materials by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to accurately identify the occupational hazardous agents in printing jobs. Methods Raw and auxiliary materials used in printing jobs in 6 printing enterprises in Shanghai were sampled by headspace sampling, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, identified by National Institute of Standards & Technology ( NIST) Standard Library and retention time, and quantified by peak area percentage. Results A total of 181 VOCs were reported in the headspace of 25 organic solvent samples, with a total detection frequency of 337 items and 13.2±12.3 VOCs per sample. The most frequently detected VOCs category was naphthene, with a total of 69 items detected (22.5%), dominated by cyclohexane. The characteristics of VOCs components in the headspace of different types of samples were different. The largest number of VOCs was detected in the headspace of detergent samples, with an average of 31.5 VOCs detected. The characteristic components in detergent were aromatic hydrocarbons and ester compounds; alcohols were the characteristic components in varnish; and ester compounds were the characteristic components in ink. The results of cluster analysis showed that ethanol, toluene, ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, and acetone were occupational hazardous agents with high levels of exposure in printing jobs. Conclusion Many kinds of organic solvents used in printing process are difficult to identify by traditional methods. Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry can help to accurately identify VOCs in the workplace, so as to more accurately assess the occupational hazards, and to provide a technical basis for guiding occupational health monitoring and implementing corresponding occupational health risk management and control.

Microneedle percutaneous immunization is achieved by puncturing the stratum corneum of the skin with microneedles so that the vaccine is efficiently recognized by antigen-presenting cells to induce a specific immune response. Due to the advantages of efficient induction of immune response, low pain and easy storage, transdermal immunization by microneedles has been widely used for immunization of various vaccines in recent years. This review summarizes the materials of microneedles, application for transcutaneous immunization, as well as the challenges that need to be addressed.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Needles ; Vaccination ; Vaccines