The article reviews the change of thyroid function in the women during pregnancy and the development of fetal thyroid function and introduces the principles of treating pregnancy with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have a remarkable differentiation potential and superiority as a type of seed cells,but their application is limited in the presence of certain diseases,such as aplastic anemia and myelogenous neoplasm.The present studies have found that seed cells called muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) have brought more and more attention,because of their capability of stir-renewal and multi-diffcrentiation like B MSCs.OBJECTIVE: To explore the biological characterization of the muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) from rabbits,and analyze the phenotype.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING: Cell in vitro observation experiment was performed at the Medical Research Center of Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from August 2005 to March 2006.MATERIALS: A New Zealand rabbit (1.5 months old,clean grade) was enrolled for the preparation of Muscle-derived stem cells.Growth medium was DMED-LG added with 10% fetal bovine serum and 10% horse serum and fusion medium was DMEM-LG added with 2% fetal bovine serum.METHODS: The muscle mass was removed from the anesthetized rabbit to isolate MDSCs.These cells were dissociated using three enzymes (collagenase XI,dispase and trypsin) respectively.Sediment was resuspended.Then preplate technique was used.The muscle cell extract was plated on a collagen-coated culture flask with growth medium.The flask was called PP1.PPI was kept overnight in a 37 ℃ incubator containing 5% CO2,After that,the suspension was transferred to another collagen-coated culture flask,which was called PP2.PP3,PP4,PP5 and PP6 were constructed later following the same procedures.The cells adhered in PP6 were collected,plated in 6-well plates,and divided into 2 groups.Growth medium was used in one group,in which the cells were kept growing at a degree of confluence beyond 50%,and fusion medium was used in the other one,in which the cells were passaged with a degree up to 30%.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cells from PP1 to PP6 were collected,and the characterization was identified preliminary by Flow cytomctry,Immunocytochemistry and Western Blotting.The fusion of cells in PP6 was detected at different confluence degrees and concentration of medium.RESULTS: The cells in PP6 showed ＞ 80% desmin+,＞ 70% Bcl-2+,＞ 95% CD45,which indicated that MDSCs were in a high concentration.The expressions of α-SMA in the cells were decreasing with the Preplate technique used and the cells in PP6 almost had no α -SMA expression.When passaged at a high confluence (＞ 50%) or cultured with low concentrations of serum (2% serum),the cells in PP6 had a strong tendency of fusing into myotubes or cell chains and were skeletal myosin+.CONCLUSION: MDSCs,which are capable of multi-differentiation under a high fusion or low serum conditions,express dcsmin and Bcl-2 highly,but extreruelv little CD45 and no α -SMA.

Objective To investigate the causes of death and the influencing factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease(PAD) during the perioperative period and reduce the perioperative mortality.Methods A retrospective analysis of the causes of death was performed for PAD during the perioperative period in our hospital from July 2005 to July 2010. Results Nine patients died preoperatively.The causes of death were multible organ failure in 5,heart failure in 2,sudden cardiac death in 1,and respiratory failure in 1.Six patients died postoperatively.The causes of death were acute renal failure in 2,heart failure in 2,cerebral infarction in 1,and hemorrhagic shock in 1.The causes of death which were related to heart,kidney and lung were in 10,6 and 2,respectively.The causes of death which were directly due to heart failure,sudden cardiac death,renal failure,respiratory failure,cerebral infarction and hemorrhagic shock were in 4,1,2,1,1 and 1,respectively.The main causes of death were multible organ failure,heart failure and acute renal failure,which accounted for 73.33％ of all deaths.In this series the overall perioperative mortality was 3.11％ (15/483),Operative mortality was 1.47％ (6/407).Conclusions The influencing factors and the function of organs were closely correlated with the causes of death. To reduce the perioperative mortality of PAD,it is necessary both to intervene in the influencing factors and to monitor and treat the dysfunction of vital organs.

Objective To evaluate abdominal aortic balloon occlusion during pelvic tumors surgery and mamagement of related vascular complications. Methods We retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 265 pelvic tumor cases from December 2005 to April 2010.Before pelvic tumor operation,we place a sheath by Seldinger maneuvre in common femoral artery and send a balloon catheter in the abdominal aorta below the level of renal artery.The balloon catheter occluded the blood flow below the level of renal artery totally during the time of removing the tumors.After the procedure,we pull the balloon catheter out and normally retain the sheath for 6 hours. Results The procedure was successful in all cases and the average time of abdominal aorta blockade was (66 ± 4) min.There was no abdominal aortic rupture and acute renal dysfunction.Emergency angiography was performed on the operative region to diagnose the cause of massive bleeding after the open surgery in 6 cases.Among them,3 cases underwent embolization of internal iliac artery to stop bleeding and 1 case underwent embolization of lumber artery.Small covered stent was deployed in the common iliac artery to stop bleeding in 2 cases.Thrombosis of femoral artery at the puncture site occurred in 6 cases and bilateral thrombosis developed in 1 case. Blood flow was restowed to the femoral artery by open thrombectomy.Pseudoaneurysm formation around the puncture point occured in 2 cases and they underwent open surgical repair,then recovered well. Conclusions Balloon catheter occlusion of abdominal aorta is an effective method to control the hemorrhage in the pelvic tumors' operation.

Objective To summarize our experience on the diagnosis and management of 8 patients with popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES). Methods Clinical data of 8 PAES cases admitted from Jul 2002 to Jul 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 7 males and 1 female with the mean age of (29 ± 14)years (ranging 16 -56 years). In 6 cases posterior "S" shaped incisions in the popliteal fossa were applied and anomalous anatomic structures were verified. Segmental stenosis and post-stenotic popliteal arterial aneurysm was identified in 2 cases, and partial resection of the aneurismal wall and arterioplasty including one with saphenous vein patch were applied; For 4 cases with short segmental occlusion of the popliteal artery, surgical treatment included thromboendarterectomy in 2 cases (with saphenous vein patch plasty in one case), saphenous vein interposition in 1 case, and saphenous vein bypass grafting in 1 case.Medial longitudinal incisions and saphenous vein bypass grafting were applied in 2 cases with long segmental occlusion in popliteal artery without exploration for anatomic anomalies. Results All patients recovered uneventfully without any notable complication. During the follow-up period ranging from 4 to 99 months [average (50± 37) months], no ischemic symptom reoccurred in 7 cases with patent arteries or grafts, and recurrent claudication occurred in 1 case with distal anastomostic stenosis. The stenosis was subsequently treated with balloon angioplasty and vein graft thrombsis occurred one month later. Medicine and exercise were recommended for the patient and now mild claudication still remains without affecting his normal life.Conclusions PAES is a disease of relatively low incidence resulting in lower extremity ischemia, which can be successfully cured with proper management.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,diagnosis and treatment of primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cflva(IVC).Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 7 IVC leiomyosarcoma cases between June 2006 and April 2009,including clinical presentations,surgical procedures.pathological diagnosis and prognosis. Results Tumors were resected completely in 3 cases,among them.prosthetic grafts were used for IVC reconstruction in 2 eases.One patient underwent partialresection to recover the blood flow of the hepatic vein.Three cases underwent laparotomy and biopsy only.The diagnosis of IVC leiomyosarcoma was confirmed by pathology in all of 7 cases.Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were positive in 3 patients and negative in 4 patients.There was no perioperative mortality.Three cages who received tumor radical resection have been on warfarin for 6 months after operation and are doing well during a follow up for 8,32,and 33 months respectively with no tumor recunence and nor thrombosis formation.The cage undergoing tumor partial resection died of organdisfunction in 2 months.The three cases undergoing laparotomy only died of organ disfunction in 7 months.Conclusions The only effective way of treating primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is total resection with necessary reconstruction of the IVC.

Objective To explore the relationship between the membranous tissue(MT)and organized thrombus(OT)in membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava(MOVC),we investigated the related cytokines expression in the membranous tissues in MOVC as well as venous organized thrombi. Methods Using immunohistochemical method the expression of TGFβR,PDGFR,ET-1,FⅧ-rAg, ferritin and α1-antitrypsin were observed in the membranous tissues in 11 cases with MOVC and organized thrombi in 8 cases with deep venous thrombosis(DVT). Results Expression rates of TGFβR,PDGFR,ET-1,FⅧ-rAg, and ferritin in membranous tissues in 11 cases with MOVC and organized thrombi in 8 cases with DVT were as follows: TGFβR:MT 72.3%,OT 50%(P＞0.05);PDGFR:MT 45.5%,OT 100%(P＜0.05＝;ET-1:MT 100%,OT 0(P＜0.05＝;FⅧ-rAg: MT 90.9%,OT 12.5%(P＜0.05＝;ferritin: MT 72.3%,OT 100%(P＞0.05).α1-antitrypasin was not detected in either membranous tissues of MOVC or organized thrombi of DVT. Conclusions ThrovIgh the investigation of the related cytokines expression, it is possible that membranous tissue formation in MOVC is related to the organized thrombus.

Objective To evaluate the management of wrong coverage of the left common carotid artery ( CCA ) during interventional treatment of type Ⅲ aortic dissection by stented graft. Methods Coverage of the left CCA occurred in four cases during endovascular repair of type Ⅲ aortic dissection using stented graft. All four cases were male. The ages ranged from 37 to 45 years old with the average of 41. The first case was due to moving proximally of the first stented graft during delivery of one more cuff because of endoleak. Recanalization of the left CCA and subclavian artery ( SA) was acquired through sliding distally of the stented graft with the help of an aortic balloon. Coverage of the left CCA and SA in the second case was due to jumping-forward of stented graft during deploying, we dragged the stented graft distally through the pigtail catheter introduced from the left brachial artery with the help of a trap device. Then, the covered left CCA and SA were recanalized. The 2/3 left CCA was covered because of mislocation of the left CCA for the 3rd case. We recanalized the covered left CCA using chimney technique with the exposure of the left CCA. For the 4th case, half the innominate artery, the left CCA and SA were covered because the performer mistake the stented graft without naked stent as one with proximal naked stent. A bypass of assending aorta to bi-carotid arteries and the left axillary artery was performed using vascular graft one month after the endovascular repair. Result The proximal intimal entry was sealed successfully in all four cases. No endoleak, cerebral infarction and ischemia of the left upper limb occurred. Conclusion In cases of wrong coverage of carotid artery during endovascular repair of type Ⅲ aortic dissection, the CCA must be recanalized as soon as possible through surgical or interventional treatment in order to avoiding cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate the pathophysiological features of rat hemorrhagic shock under high temperature conditions.Methods A total of 128 SD rats were assigned to high temperature group and normal temperature group according to the random number table,with 64 rats per group.Rats in high temperature group were pretreated at 342 for 12 h,and in normal temperature group were kept at 25℃.Hemorrhagic shock models in rats were produced by withdrawing 40％ of the total blood volume via the femoral artery.Parameters of the two groups were measured including blood electrolytes (Na +,K +),plasma osmotic pressure,liver function [aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT)],kidney function [creatinine (CREA)],arterial blood gases (pH,PO2 and PCO2) and cardiac function [heart rate (HR),cardiac output (CO),cardiac index (CI) and DO2].Animal survival time and survival rate were detected.Results Before shock,high temperature group versus normal temperature group showed higher detections of Na+ concentration [(142.3 ± 2.2) mmol/L:(139.1 ±1.5) mmol/L],plasma osmotic pressure [(304.8 ± 4.7) mmol/L:(300.0 ± 1.9) mmol/L],HR [(462 ±30) times/min:(402 ± 44) times/min],CO [(0.892 ± 0.190) L/min:(0.713 ± 0.090) L/min] and CI [(0.0030±0.0006)L·min-1 · cm-2:(0.0023 ±0.0002)L· min-1 · cm-2] (P＜0.05).After shock,normal temperature group showed further increased concentrations of Na + and K + and significantly enhanced AST,ALT and CREA compared to normal temperature group (P ＜ 0.05).After shock,CO,CI and DO2 in high temperature group were decreased by 63％,63％ and 69％ respectively compared to those before shock,but less decrease was observed in normal temperature group.Rat survival rate and survival time were significantly reduced in high temperature group compared to normal temperature group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Pathophysiological changes of hemorrhagic shock in rats under high temperature are mainly manifested as impaired cardiac function,significantly increased concentrations of Na + and K + and significantly shortened survival time.

Objective:To investigate the role and mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) gastric cancer associated transcript 3 (GACAT3) in glioma radioresistance.Methods:Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of lncRNA GACAT3 and miR-497 in human astrocyte NHA cells and glioma cells U251. NC-siRNA and GACAT3-siRNA were transfected into U251 cells, and the cells were treated with X-ray irradiation. Colony formation assay was used to detect the survival fraction of U251 cells. The apoptosis of U251 cells was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of cysteine containing aspartate specific protease 3 (Caspase-3) in U251 cells. Bioinformatics software and dual luciferase reporter gene assay were used to predict and verify the targeting relationship between lncRNA GACAT3 and miR-497, and between miR-497 and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), respectively. NC mimic, miR-497 mimic, GACAT3-siRNA and NC inhibitor, GACAT3-siRNA and miR-497 inhibitor were co-transfected into U251 cells. Colony formation assay, flow cytometry and Western blot were adopted to evaluate the effect of miR-497 overexpression and lncRNA GACAT3 on the radiosensitivity of U251 cells by regulating miR-497.Results:Compared with NHA cells, the expression of lncRNA GACAT3 in U251 cells was significantly up-regulated, and the expression of miR-497 in U251 cells was significantly down-regulated (both P<0.05). After knockdown of GACAT3, the survival fraction of irradiated U251 cells was significantly decreased, while the apoptosis rate and Caspase-3 protein expression were significantly increased (all P<0.05). lncRNA GACAT3 targeted and negatively regulated the expression of miR-497. Overexpression of miR-497 significantly reduced the survival fraction of U251 cells after irradiation, and increased the apoptosis rate and Caspase-3 protein expression. Inhibition of miR-497 significantly reversed the promoting effect of lncRNA GACAT3 knockdown on the radiosensitivity of U251 cells. miR-497 targeted and negatively regulated the expression of YAP1. Conclusion:Knockdown of lncRNA GACAT3 can enhance the radiosensitivity of glioma cells by regulating the miR-497/YAP1 axis.