BACKGROUND:The nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.In recent years,increasing studies have shown that terpenoid herbal monomer compounds can inhibit the activity of bone resorbing cells and promote the differentiation of bone forming cells via the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway,thus reducing bone resorption and increasing bone formation,which has certain preventive and therapeutic effects on osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE:By analyzing and summarizing the domestic and international literature,to investigate the relationship between nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and osteoporosis in depth,elucidate the mechanism of terpenoid monomer compounds in regulating the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway to prevent osteoporosis,and systematically summarize the terpenoid monomer compounds targeting to regulate the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway to prevent osteoporosis. METHODS:According to the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria,two researchers searched for relevant articles published from database inception to December 2022 in CNKI and PubMed using the search terms"NF-κB,osteoporosis,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,angiogenesis,traditional Chinese medicine,terpenoid"in Chinese and English,respectively.A third researcher summarized and organized the literature and 75 articles were finally included for a systematic review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway mediates the onset and progression of osteoporosis by regulating the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts,as well as angiogenesis.Activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway negatively regulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.Activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway enhances osteoclast activity and inhibits osteoblast growth,thereby inhibiting compensatory bone production to maintain bone homeostasis.However,over-activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway can lead to osteoporosis.The nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway is involved in the"angiogenesis-osteogenesis"coupling by upregulating the expression levels of cytokines such as angiopoietin-1,platelet-derived growth factor BB and vascular endothelial growth factor,which promote the growth of blood vessels in bone.The terpenoid herbal monomer compounds are used in the field of tissue engineering to promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells,thereby promoting the growth and repair of bone tissue.Terpenoid herbal monomer compounds can prevent and treat osteoporosis by inhibiting the degradation of nuclear factor-κB inhibitor,blocking nuclear factor-κB/p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation,thereby weakening the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway,promoting osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast formation.Currently,research on the regulation of nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway by monomeric compounds of terpenoids to prevent osteoporosis is mainly based on in vitro cellular experiments and animal models,and there is a lack of research on the complex physiological and pathological processes in humans.In the future,more clinical trials and studies are needed to further clarify the mechanism of action and efficacy of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway involved in the intervention of osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND:Recent studies have shown that the Notch signaling pathway plays a varying role in osteoporosis,and in-depth research in this field is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Traditional Chinese medicine has become the focus of research in today's society due to its obvious multi-faceted,multi-level benefits in alleviating osteoporosis with less adverse effects. OBJECTIVE:To analyze and summarize domestic and international literature to further understand the connection between the Notch signaling pathway and osteoporosis and to elucidate the mechanism by which traditional Chinese medicine prevents and treats osteoporosis via the Notch signaling pathway. METHODS:CNKI,WanFang,and VIP were searched with the keywords of"Notch,osteoporosis,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,signaling pathway,traditional Chinese medicine,pill,experiment"in Chinese.PubMed,Nature,and Embase were retrieved using the keywords of"Notch,osteoporosis,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,mesenchymal stem cells,signal pathway,traditional Chinese medicine,pill,experiment"in English.The search time was from database inception to October 2022. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The Notch signaling pathway plays a role in the development and progression of osteoporosis to varying degrees by regulating the differentiation and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells,osteoblasts and osteoclasts.The Notch signaling pathway regulates the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells,osteoblasts and osteoclasts by directly or indirectly regulating key cytokines such as Notch1,Jagged1,Hes,Hey,macrophage colony-stimulating factor and nuclear factor-κB receptor-activating factor ligand,which in turn promotes or inhibits bone formation and ultimately has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.The active ingredients of Chinese herbs are mostly extracted from herbs for kidney tonifying,such as Epimedium,Cortex Eucommiae,Malaytea Scurfpea Fruit,Eleutherococcus Senticosus,Ligustrum Lucidum.Moreover,herbal compounds and preparations have the effect of tonifying kidney and strengthening bone,which provides more herbal options and directions for the subsequent study of Notch signaling pathway toward the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Current studies on traditional Chinese medicine mainly focus on active ingredients and single herbal extracts,with relatively few clinical trials on Chinese herbal compounds and preparations.Fewer studies have been conducted on the regulation of Notch signaling pathways by acupuncture,manipulation,and integrated Chinese and Western medicine to prevent and treat osteoporosis.Therefore,there is a need to explore the mechanisms by which traditional Chinese medicine technology-based therapies and integrated Chinese and Western medicine regulate the Notch signaling pathway to treat osteoporosis.

Objective To explore the research hotspots and development trend on vascular dizziness/vertigo based on visual analysis. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection Database was searched for papers on vascular dizziness/vertigo from January 2008 to March 2023. The CiteSpace 6.2.R2 software was used for visual analysis of the literature. Results There were a total of 1298 papers，with an increasing number of published papers from January 2008 to March 2023. A total of 424 institutions from 83 countries/regions had published relevant papers. The United States ranked first in terms of the number of published papers（331 papers） and betweenness centrality（0.25）. Johns Hopkins University was the number one institution in terms of the number of published papers （56 papers），Newman-toker and David E were the most prolific authors. The most common keyword was ischemic stroke. According to keyword clustering，research in this field focused on early diagnosis of vascular dizziness/vertigo from risk factors and bedside examinations and infarction of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply area. In recent years，researchers had more interests in case reports，video electronystagmograms，and pathophysiological mechanisms in this field. Conclusion There are growing international studies on vascular dizziness/vertigo. Early diagnosis of vascular dizziness/vertigo through risk factors and bedside examinations in the emergency room is a research hotspot in this field. Researchers should focus on these topics in future studies.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) therapy failure in the treatment of hepatitis C by comparing baseline clinical data and resistance-associated substitution (RAS) in sequencing data between the patients with HCV RNA reactivation after DAA therapy and the patients with successful DAA treatment. Methods A total of 13 patients from multiple centers who failed DAA therapy from November 2019 to October 2021 were enrolled as treatment failure group, and sequencing was performed for their positive serum samples. A total of 51 patients with successful DAA treatment were enrolled as control group, and baseline clinical data and sequencing results were compared between the treatment failure group and the control group. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratio ( OR ) and investigate the influencing factors for treatment failure. Results All 12 patients with complete treatment data experienced recurrence within 1 year after the end of medication. The male patients with treatment failure had significantly higher baseline total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and creatinine than their female counterparts ( Z =-2.517, -2.440, and -2.132, P =0.010, 0.010, and 0.038), and the patients with an age of ≤55 years ( OR =5.152, 95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 1.116-23.790, P =0.036) or genotype 3b ( OR =9.726, 95% CI : 1.325-71.398, P =0.025) had a higher probability of treatment failure. There were differences in the incidence rates of major RAS mutations on three gene fragments between the treatment failure group and the treatment success group, and the common RAS mutations detected in the treatment failure group were not detected in the treatment success group. Conclusion Age, genotype, and RAS in serum virus gene sequence are influencing factors for DAA treatment failure.