Objective To study the anti-fatigue effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride oral fast dissolving films (MPH-OFDF) and its mechanism .Methods 60 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups as:normal control group (physiological sa-line) ,model group (physiological saline) ,Yiqiyangxue oral liquids positive group (7 .00 mg/kg) ,MPH-OFDF high-dose group (5 .20 mg/kg) ,MPH-OFDF middle-dose group (2 .60 mg/kg) and MPH-OFDF low-dose group (1 .30 mg/kg) .Besides the normal control group ,model group and positive group were orally administered ,the other groups are administered with the drug once daily sublingually daily for consecutive 15 days .The mice were put in the load-weighted swimming test 30 min after the last oral administration ,then the anti-fatigue effect was assessed based on recording exhausting swimming time and detec-ting the levels of serum lactale dehydrogenase (LDH) ,creatine kinase (CK) ,triglycerides (TG) in mice .Results Compared with control group ,the middle-dose and the high-dose MPH could prolong the exhausting swimming time (P<0 .05 ,P<0 .01) and decrease the activity of LDH and CK significantly (P<0 .05 ,P<0 .01);in addition the middle-dose MPH could decrease the content of TG (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The MPH had marked anti-fatigue effect that may be associated with reduced ser-um LDH ,CK and TG .

In this study, self-discriminating hybrid nanocrystals was utilized to explore the biological fate of quercetin hybrid nanocrystals (QT-HNCs) with diameter around 280 nm (QT-HNCs-280) and 550 nm (QT-HNCs-550) following oral and intravenous administration and the contribution of integral nanocrystals to oral bioavailability enhancement of QT was estimated by comparing the absolute exposure of integral QT-HNCs and total QT in the liver. Results showed that QT-HNCs could reside

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the extraction technology of total vitamin E in Euryale ferox. METHODS： With the extraction amount of total vitamin E as reference index， using extraction time， extraction times， ultrasound power and comminution degree as reference factors， single fator test and Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction technology of total vitamin E from E. ferox. The validation tests were conducted for 3 times （the amounts of E. ferox were 2.0， 20.0， 40.0 g）. RESULTS： The optimal extraction technology of vitamin E included that extraction time of 80 min， extraction times of 3 times， ultrasound power of 240 W， comminution degree of 80 mesh. In validation test， extraction rates of total vitamin E were 2.063， 2.103， 2.085 mg/g （RSD＝2.6％， 1.5％， 1.3％， n＝3）， the relative errors of which to predicted value （2.092 mg/g） were 0.14％， 0.53％ and 0.33％， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The optimal extraction technology is reasonable， stable and feasible， and can be used for the extraction of total vitamin E in E. ferox.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of self-assembled nanoparticles from Shaoy ao gancao decoction （SGD-SAN）on the in vitro release and intestinal absorption of the main components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis . METHODS Gancao single decoction （GSD），Shaoyao single decoction （SSD），mixed suspension of Shaoyao and Gancao single decoction （MSSGD）and SGD （i.e. Shaoyao-Gancao decoction ）were prepared ，and SAN was characterized. HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of 7 main components （liquiritin apioside ， liquiritin， isoliquiritin apioside ， isoliquiritin， liquiritigenin， glycyrrhizic acid ， isoliquiritigenin）in G. uralensis . The dialysis bag method was used to investigate the effects of the formation of SGD-SAN on in vitro release of 7 main components in G. uralensis with pH 1.2 HCl solution and pH 6.8 phosphate buffered solution （PBS）as release media. Single-pass intestinal perfusion study was performed to investigate the effects of the formation of SGD-SAN on the intestinal absorption of 7 main components from G. uralensis . RESULTS SAN with particle size of 200-300 nm and polydispersity index of 0.3-0.5 was found in GSD ，MSSGD and SGD. GSD-SAN and MSSGD-SAN were in rod shape while SGD-SAN was irregularly spherical under transmission electron microscope. The results of in vitro release study showed that the formation of SGD-SAN could significantly increase in vitro release of liquiritigenin ，isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid ，and had no effect on other components of G. uralensis in pH 1.2 HCl solution. The formation of SGD-SAN also had no effect on the release of each component from G. uralensis in pH 6.8 PBS. The results of intestinal perfusion experiments showed that the formation of SGD-SAN could significantly promote the absorption of each component from G. uralensis in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS- The formation of SGD-SAN significantly improves the in vitro release of poorly soluble components from G. uralensis and promotes the intestinal absorption of main components from G. uralensis ，which is the physical structure basis for the compatibility and synergy of Paeonia lactiflora and G. uralensis .

Objective: Fufang Biejia Ruangan Tablet (FBRT) is widely used for the treatment of liver fibrosis. However, Hominis Placenta (HP), as an important adjuvant of FBRT, has been restricted for medicinal using due to the limited availability, ethical controversy and safety issues. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of novel FBRT (N-FBRT) with sheep placenta (SP) as substitute for HP on liver fibrosis and explore its possible mechanisms. Different dosages of SP in N-FBRT were also evaluated. Methods: Rats were subcutaneously injected with CCl

OBJECTIVE To study the antifungal activity of Huangqin decoction （HQD） against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and explore its mechanism. METHODS Minimal inhibitory concentration （MIC）， minimal fungicidal concentration （MFC）， mycelial length， spore germination rate， biomass and mycelium ultrastructure observation were performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of HQD against T. mentagrophytes. The effects of HQD on the cell wall of T. mentagrophytes were detected through sorbitol protection experiment. By measuring the content of ergosterol and the activities of squalene epoxide （SE） and lanosterol 14α-demethylase （CYP51）， the activity of HQD on the cell membrane of T. mentagrophytes was investigated. The effects of HQD on T. mentagrophytes mitochondria were investigated by determining the activities of malate dehydrogenase （MDH）， succinate dehydrogenase （SDH）， and ATPases （including sodium potassium ATPase， calcium magnesium ATPase， and total ATPase）. RESULTS HQD exhibited significant antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes with MIC of 3.13 mg/mL and MFC of 25 mg/mL. After intervention with HQD， the mycelial length of T. mentagrophytes was significantly shortened （P＜0.05）； spore germination rate， biomass， the content of ergosterol in the cell membrane， the activities of SE and CYP51 in the cell membrane and MDH， SDH and ATPase in mitochondria were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； cell structure had been ；damaged to a certain extent， but the integrity of the cell wall had not been affected. CONCLUSIONS HQD shows significant antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes， the mechanism of which may be associated with reducing the 0791- content of ergosterol in the cell membrane and the activities of SE， CYP51， and mitochondria-related enzymes.

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint of Huangqin decoction （HQD）， to separate the phase states and screen the active phase states of antidermatophytic activity so as to study the spectrum-effect relationship. METHODS HPLC method was adopted using baicalin as reference， the fingerprints of 10 batches of HQD were drawn and the similarity evaluation was carried out using the Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM （2012 edition） to determine the common peak； the phase states of HQD were separated and characterized by high-speed centrifugation and membrane dialysis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations （MIC） of HQD and its different phase states against Trichophyton mentagrophytes were determined simultaneously. Using the peak area of 37 common peaks as independent variable， MIC as dependent variable， Pearson correlation analysis was performed by using SPSS 21.0 software. RESULTS A total of 37 common peaks were obtained in HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of HQD， with the similarity higher than 0.99. Ten components were identified， such as albiflorin， paeoniflorin， liquiritin apioside， baicalin， melaleuca glycoside A， wogonoside， baicalein， glycyrrhizic acid， wogonin and oroxylin A. HQD was split into 3 phase states， such as precipitation phase （HQD-P）， solution phase （HQD-S） and nano phase （HQD-N）. The morphology of HQD-P was irregular granular， and the average particle size was 4.670-91.522 μm. The morphology of HQD-S was uniform flakes， and no particle size was detected. HQD-N was spherical in shape and the particle size was （129.0±12.9） nm. MIC values of each phase state of HQD against T. mentagrophytes in different phase states were HQD-N （4.64 mg/mL） ＜HQD （5.85 mg/mL） ＜HQD-P （7.37 mg/mL） ＜HQD-S （12.89 mg/mL） at the same dosage. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the peak area of 25 of the 37 common peaks （including identified components） was significantly negatively correlated with MIC （absolute values of correlation coefficient＞0.95 and P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The chemical composition of 10 batches of HQD is consistent； HQD-N is the active phase state of HQD. Ten components such as paeoniflorin， liquiritin apioside and baicalin may be the main active components of HQD. The antidermatophytic effect of HQD is closely related to its component content and physical phase state.

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of crystal form on in vivo and in vitro behavior of Astilbin nanosuspensions （AT-NS）. METHODS： AT-NS1 and AT-NS2 were prepared by precipitation method and miniaturized media milling method respectively. The particle size and polydispersity index （PDI） were determined by laser particle size analyzer. X-ray diffraction （XRD）， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， HPLC and paddle method were used to analyze and compare the structure characteristics， appearance morphology and in vitro dissolution of AT raw material， AT-NS1 and AT-NS2. Totally 15 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into AT raw material， AT-NS1 and AT-NS2 group， with 5 rats in each group. They were given relevant medicine suspension 120 mg/kg （using water as solvent） intragastrically； blood samples  were collected from orbit before medication （0 min） and 5， 10， 20， 30， 60， 120， 240， 480 min after medication. Using rutin as internal standard， HPLC method was used to determine plasma concentration of AT in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using DAS 2.0 software and then compared. RESULTS： The particle sizes of AT-NS1 and AT-NS2 were （212.48±0.32） nm and （226.36±2.29） nm， respectively； PDI were 0.129 3±0.026 3 and 0.254 7±0.012 4. XRD analysis showed AT-NS1 was amorphous， and AT-NS2 was crystalline. Diffraction peaks of both were different from those of AT raw material. SEM analysis showed that AT-NS1 and AT-NS2 were similar in morphology， and they were spherical and uniform in size； AT raw material was lump with large particle size and different sizes. Results of dissolution tests showed that accumulative dissolution of AT raw material， AT-NS1 and AT-NS2 were 4.54％， 35.01％， 12.22％ at 1 h； accumulative dissolution of them were 24.01％， 81.14％， 64.69％ at 12 h； accumulative dissolution of them were 36.04％， 84.47％， 85.86％ at 24 h， respectively. Results of pharmacokinetic study showed， compared with AT raw material group， cmax and AUC0-∞ of AT-NS1 and AT-NS2 groups as well as t1/2z of AT-NS1 group were increased significantly， while tmax of AT-NS1 group was significantly reduced significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with AT-NS2 goup， cmax， AUC0-∞ and t1/2z of AT-NS1 group were increased significantly， while tmax was reduced significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： When AT is prepared into NS， dissolution in vitro and oral absorption in vivo of AT are increased significantly. In a short time， the dissolution/absorption of amorphous NS is faster than crystalline NS.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of taurine regulating the polarization of M2 macrophages by mitophagy. Methods THP-1 cells were divided into four groups: M0 group (THP-1 cells were treated by 100 nmol/L phorbol myristate ester for 48 hours to polarize into M0), M2 group (THP-1 cells were induced to polarize into M2 macrophages by 20 ng/mL interferon-4 (IL-4) for 48 hours), M2 combined with taurine groups (added with 40 or 80 mmol/L taurine on the basis of M2 macrophages). The mRNA expression of mannose receptor C type 1(MRC-1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 22(CCL22) and dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin (CD209) in M2 macrophages were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Mitochondrial and lysosome probes were used to detect the number of mitochondria and lysosomes by multifunction microplate reader and confocal laser scanning microscope. The level of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1 MMP assay kit. The expression of mitophagy-related proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Compared with M0 group, the expression of MRC-1, CCL22, CD209 and PINK1, the number of mitochondria and the level of MMP in M2 group were significantly increased, whereas the number of lysosomes and LC3II/LC3I ratio were decreased. Compared with M2 group, the expressions of MRC-1, CCL22 and CD209, the number of mitochondria and the level of MMP in M2 combined with taurine group dropped significantly while the number of lysosomes was found increased, and the protein expression of PINK1 and LC3II/LC3I ratio were also increased. Conclusions The polarization of M2 macrophages is regulated by taurine to prevent excessive polarization via reducing the level of MMP, improving the level of mitophagy, reducing the number of mitochondria, and inhibiting the mRNA expression of polarization markers in M2 macrophages.
Mitophagy ; Taurine ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger