Objective To investigate the effect of dopaminergic neurons of midbrain ventral tegmental area(VTA) in general anesthesia.Methods Forty adult healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into lesion group (n=20) and control group (n=20).The lesion group was given the bilateral infusion of specific dopaminergic neuron injury agent 6-OHDA in midbrain lateral VTA,while the control group received the same volume of normal saline at the same areas.The time of loss of righting reflex (LORR)loss and recovery of righting reflex(RORR)at postoperative 2 week were observed in each group.Results Compared with the control group,the LORR time in the lesion group was shortened and the RORR time was significantly prolonged under propofol-induced anesthesia (P＜0.05).However,the LORR time under the isoflurane anesthesia had no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05),while the RORR time in the lesion group was increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain VTA might play different roles in the induction and recovery of different general anesthetics.

ObjectiveTo study the effect of sub-chronic exposure to deltamethrin(DM) on neural behavior and expression of NMDA receptor in hippocampus of mice.Methods 60 Female SPF Kunming mice were divided into 4 groups and given DM 60 days by gavage.Hot-plate,rotarod,grip strength,hing limb landing foot splay were used to examine the sensory and motor change of mice.Autonomic activity test was used for detecting the functional status of the central nervous system in mice.Passive avoidance test for detection of the behavior changes of learning and memory,and RQ-PCR was employed to measure the expression of NMDA receptor in hippocampus of mice.ResultsThe behavior of sensory and motor of mice sub-chronic exposure to deltamethrin did not have changes significantly(P ＞ 0.05 ).In the test of autonomic activity test,the average of autonomic activity times were (93 ± 18) times,(107 ± 13) times,(105 ±22) times.Compared with the control group,the average of autonomic activity times in middle-and high-dose groups were increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05 ).The latent periods in poisoning groups were (175.4 ±38.4) s,(146.4 ±51.2)s,(132.3 ±45.0) s,and the error times were (0.7 ±0.3)times,( 1.4 ± 0.5 ) times,( 1.8 ± 0.9) times.Compared with the control group,latent periods of high-dose group were decreased and the error times of middle-and high-dose groups were increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05 ).Compared with the control group,the relative expression levels of NR1 and NR2A mRNA in hippocampus of middle and high-dose groups were increased significantly (P＜ 0.05 ),and the relative expression level of NR2B mRNA in highdose group was decreased significantly(P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionSub-chronic exposure to DM could increase the excitability of mice,damage the function of learning and memory,and influence the expression of NMDA receptor in hippocampus of mice.

[Objective]This study was designed to investigate the effects of 5-aminoimidasole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR)on activity of transcription factor Forkhead O 3a(FOXO3a)and expression of ubiquitin ligase muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx),and to explore the role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)on proteolysis pathways in eardiomyocytes.[Methods]The effect of AICAR on activation of AMPK was observed.Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes was treated with AICAR in different concentration.Cultured cardiomyocytes were then divided into three groups:control group,AICAR group,AICAR+Compound C group.Effects of AMPK activation on phosphorylation of FOXO3a and expression of MAFbx in cardiomyocytes were detected using Western blot.[Results]①Compared with control group,activity of AMPK in cultured cardiomyocytes was increased after treatment with 0.25 mmol/L or 0.5 mmol/L AICAR for 6 h(P＜0.05),and the activity of AMPK was further enhanced after treatment with 1.0 mmol/L or 2.0 mmol/L AICAR for 6 h(P＜0.01).②Activation of AMPK by AICAR significantly increased the transcriptional activity of FOXO3a(P＜0.01),and enhanced MAFbx protein expression in cardiomyocytes when comparing with control group(P＜0.01),however,specific AMPK antagonist Compound C markedly reversed these effects induced by AICAR.[Conclusion]AMPK may regulate cardiomyocytes proteolysis by activation of FOXO3a transcription factor,and up-regulation of MAFbx protein expression.

Objective To develop and evaluate an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay ( UPT-LF) for detection of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in milk powder and milk.Methods AFM1-UPT-LF was established with up-converting phosphor ( UCP) nano-particles as the bio-label of competitive mode based LF assay .Sensitivity, quantitative ability and precision were evaluated using simulated AFM 1-postive samples with serial standard concentrations .The qualita-tive and quantitative detection performance of AFM 1-UPT-LF was evaluated with reference to liquid chromatography-mass spectrography ( LC-MS) to detect samples of milk powder and milk simultaneously .Results AFM1-UPT-LF could conduct qualitative and quantitative detection without sample pretreatment within 20 min.The detection limit of AFM1-UPT-LF reached 0.1 μg/kg in milk powder and 0.3 μg/L in milk.There was good linearity ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 μg/kg and 0.3 to 0.7 μg/L for milk powder and milk, respectively.The sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) area under the curve ( AUC) of AFM1-UPT-LF for qualitative result could meet the need of national standards for AFM1 limit in dairy products.After statistical analysis, there was no significant difference (milk powder: t=0.66, P>0.05;milk:t=1.01, P>0.05) between AFM1-UPT-LF and LC-MS for quantitative detection .Conclusion The good qualitative and quantitative detection performance of AFM 1-UPT-LF for milk powder and milk makes possible on-site rapid detection of AFM1 in dairy products quantitatively .

Objective To evaluate the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the expression of hypothalamic nerve growth factor precursor (proNGF) and the influence of hypothalamic proNGF on the sympathetic output of paraventrucular nucleus. Methods Forty-two male SD rats, aged 3-4 months, weighing 350-500 g, were divided into control group, CPB group and ischemia reperfusion (IR) group. At the end of CPB for 110 min, hypothalamus and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were taken to measure the levels of proNGF mRNA and hypothalamic proNGF protein. Mini pipe was put into bilateral paraventrucular nucleus (PVN) and human recombination proNGF protein was injected into PVN for 7 d before the local field potentials (LFP) of RVLM was recoreded. Human recombination proNGF protein was administrated into lateral ventricle, the prior-administration-LFP of PVN and post-administration-LFP were recorded and compared. At the end of the experiment, hypothalamus was taken to measure the levels of glutamate and gammer amino butyric acid (GABA). Results Hypothalamic proNGF protein in CPB group and IR group was higher than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05); NGF mRNA of hypothalamus and DRG in CPB and IR group were higher than those of control group (P ＜ 0.05). In PVN and RVLM, after the administration of proNGF protein, the power of delta band significantly decreased and other bands increased (P ＜ 0.05). The hypothalamic GABA level decreased (P ＜ 0.05) with no change of hypothalamic glutamate after proNGF was injected into lateral ventricle. Conclusion CPB increases the expression of proNGF in the hypothalamus contributing to the changes of hypothalamic sympathetic output.

Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel type 2) is a kind of disease that characterized by the dilation of capillary in temporal macula lutea and the degeneration of neurosensory retina.It usually affects both eyes in patient aged 50 to 60.The pathophysiology of MacTel type 2 was not understood very well.With the rapid development of imaging technic and the genomic research,we have illuminated some secrets of this disease.In this article,the development of classification,fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and histology feature,and the characteristic of optical coherence tomography (OCT),optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA),macular pigment,genome about MacTel type 2 were reviewed.

Objective To explore the efficacy of triple therapy and sequential therapy in the eradication of helicobacter pylori in liver cirrhosis patients with hyperammonia (Hp). Methods A total of sixty-eight liver cirrhosis patients with hyperammonia and positive Hp infection were randomly divided into triple eradication group and sequential eradication group. Results The eradication rates of Hp in triple therapy group and sequential therapy group were 79.4%(27/34)and 85.3% (29/34)respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups(χ2=0.41, P>0.05). In the triple therapy group, the blood ammonia concentration of after treatment and one month after withdrawal of drugs de-creased significantly compared with before the treatment (t=4.02, 5.11, P<0.01).In the sequential therapy group, the blood ammonia concentration of after treatment and one month after withdrawal of drugs decreased significantly com-pared with before the treatment (t=4.68, 5.83, P<0.01).The fall of ammonia concentration was not statistical different between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion There is no significant difference in Hp eradication between triple therapy and sequential therapy in liver cirrhosis patients with hyperammonia.

Trans-anal barotrauma resulting from the use of air guns is rare in the emergency department. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can yield a good prognosis. The first published case of trans-anal barotrauma caused by a manually operated force pump was reported in 1904.[1] Colorectal injuries have the potential to progress to high-mortality complications, such as abdominal infection, peritonitis, and septic shock.[2,3] Herein, we report a case of trans-anal barotrauma in a man who presented with pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoscrotum. We performed laparoscopic exploration and loop ileostomy on this patient.

The claustrum located between the striatum and cortex is composed of glutamate neurons and gamma-aminobutyric neurons. There are extensive and mutually projected nerve fiber connections between cerebral cortex and parietal nucleus. The claustrum integrates sensory information and regulates the formation of consciousness through various ways, playing an important role in sensory processing and cognitive functions. In this paper, the neuronal characteristics, fiber projection, physiological characteristics and consciousness integration function of the claustrum are reviewed to provide references for further understanding physiological and pathophysiological effects of the pterygoid nucleus.

Objective To construct a predictive model for the survival of transplant kidneys after kidney transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 366 kidney transplant recipients and donors were retrospectively analyzed, and the recipients were divided into low-risk group (n=101), medium-risk group (n=189), and high-risk group (n=76) based on the kidney donor profile index (KDPI). Each group was further divided into Remuzzi score ≤3 group and Remuzzi score >3 group based on time-zero biopsy Remuzzi scores. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the survival of transplant kidneys. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors affecting long-term survival after kidney transplantation. A predictive model for transplant kidney survival was established and a nomogram was drawn. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC). Results The median KDPI was 65%, and the median Remuzzi score was 3. The 5-year survival rate of transplant kidneys was 83.5%. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that in the KDPI medium-risk and KDPI high-risk groups, the subgroup with lower Remuzzi score had a higher survival rates of transplant kidneys than the subgroup with higher Remuzzi score. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that KDPI, Remuzzi score, and donor’s age were independent risk factors for transplant kidney loss (all P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the AUC of the nomogram prediction model established based on independent risk factors for the 1, 3 and 5-year survival rates of transplant kidneys were 0.91, 0.93 and 0.94 for the training set, and 0.89, 0.85 and 0.88 for the validation set. Calibration curves shows good consistency between the training and validation sets of the model. Conclusions The nomogram predictive model based on KDPI, time-zero biopsy Remuzzi score and donor’s age has good predictive value for transplant kidney survival.