This study sought to quantify normal human tibio-femoral joint kinematics in vivo. An eligible volunteer (a man in good health) was recruited, and a technical method of 3D image registration and coordinate transformation was used. The 3D point cloud models of his knee-flexion were illustrated by computed tomography. By use of the technique for 3D image registration, different models of several positions of knee-flexion were aligned to the same coordinate system. As for each model of the knee, the object coordinates of femur and tibia were built on the same location and direction in comparison with individual femur and tibia. Consequently, the error of constructing the object coordinate system in various coordinate systems can be avoided. Meanwhile, improved orthogonal coordinates systems were built on femur, tibia and patella. After orthogonal coordinates were built on each part of the knee, the Euler angle coordinate transformation was applied to acquire the data of the knee relative kinematics. Additionally, the data was proved to be effective, compared with that of recent literatures. With this method, arbitrary reference coordinates, or any alternative reference mode could be used in reconstruction of knee 3D kinematics images on a computer, and be applied in the kinematical analysis of other human joints or bones.
Femur ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Kinetics ; Knee Joint ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Male ; Range of Motion, Articular ; physiology ; Tibia ; anatomy & histology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo evaluate clinical factors affecting Gleason score upgrade in patients receiving radical prostatectomy (RP).

METHODSA total of 322 patients with prostate cancer who received RP from January 2012 to December 2013 at Department of Urology at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were included, and their data of age, body mass index (BMI), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, percentage core, clinical staging, pathological characteristics, biopsy Gleason score and RP Gleason score were analyzed. Differences in categorical variables and continuous variables were compared using χ² tests and Student's t-test, respectively. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to estimate OR and 95% CI of the association of Gleason score upgrade with clinical factors.

RESULTSGleason score upgrade occurred in 107 of 322 (33.3%) patients. There was no difference in age, BMI and clinical staging between the two groups. Compared with patients without Gleason score upgrade, higher levels of PSA (χ² =6.740, P=0.034), smaller prostate volume (t=3.481, P=0.002) and elevated percentage core (t=-2.097, P=0.037) were observed in patients with Gleason score upgrade. In addition, lymph node metastasis (χ² =4.193, P=0.041) and extracapsular extension (χ² =4.747, P=0.029) were more common in patients with Gleason score upgrade. After adjusting for potential confounders, PSA levels (OR=2.451, 95% CI: 1.290-4.660), prostate volume (OR=0.982, 95% CI: 0.969-0.995) and percentage core (OR=2.756, 95% CI: 1.033-7.357) were independent predictors for Gleason score upgrade.

CONCLUSIONGleason score upgrade happens at a relatively high rate. PSA levels, prostate volume and percentage core are important factors affecting Gleason score upgrade.

Biopsy ; Body Mass Index ; China ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery