Molecular imaging technologies are newly emerging subjects in recent years, which are the medical research hotspots today. Advances of several common molecular imaging technologies in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer were reviewed in this article.

Angiogenesis plays an important role in the process of the repair and regrowth of tissues. So far, many growth factors have been shown to have the angiogenic properties. Angiogenesis therapy using exogenous angiogens or the DNA coding for these growth factors has aroused extensive interest. The advances concerning angiogens and angiogenesis therapy applied in reconstructive surgery are reviewed in this paper.

BACKGROUND:Osteoporosis is a condition resulting in an increased risk of skeletal fractures due to a reduction in bone mass and degradation in bone microstructure. Treatment of osteoporosis usual y involves the application of pharmacological agents as the first choice. Pharmacotherapy alone is not sufficient for the comprehensive management of osteoporosis, as pharmacotherapy has no effect on increasing muscle strength, improving balance ability, and preventing fal s. Exercise, considered as an important non-pharmacologic therapy, plays a considerable role in the prevention of osteoporosis. The importance of therapeutic exercises in the treatment of osteoporosis has been recognized gradual y.
OBJECTIVE:To discuss the effect of exercise in the treatment of osteoporosis combined with some of the latest research literatures.
METHODS:Clinical reports and mechanism researches about effects of different types of exercise on bone strength especial y the treatment of osteoporosis were retrieved from CNKI database and Medline database with the key words of“osteoporosis, bone mineral density, bone strength, treatment, exercise, stress, tai chi, muscle, bone architecture”in both Chinese and English from January 2001 to February 2013. The repetitive researches and atypical reports were eliminated.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSLON:Therapeutic exercises including aerobic exercise, resistance, impact movement, and vibration, which can safely increase bone strength and muscle strength, improve equilibrium function, and prevent fal s and fractures. For spinal deformity patients, appropriate orthotics can improve the security and promote exercise therapy. As with drug therapy, therapeutic exercises are also individualized. Exercise program should be selected under the insurance of good compliance and security. Exercises that involve high strain rates seem to be more effective than others. However, al these benefits are comparatively smal , and should be maintained by continuous exercises.

Objective To determine the capability of quantitative low attenuation areas volume percentage(LAA%)in individual lobes to assess pulmonary function loss and disease severity in pulmonary COPD patients.Methods A total of 80 subjects (50 COPD patients;30 normal smokers),who all were smokers,underwent pulmonary function tests(PFTs)and Chest CT examination at full inspiration.For the quantitative assessment,percentage of low attenuation areas were automatically calculated for each lobe by the post processing software(Thoracic VCAR).To study the correlation between these CT parameters and lung function(FEV1% pre-dicted,FEV1/FVC,DLCO%predicted,RV/TLC),univariate linear regression analysis was performed.CT measurements were compared between the five groups with analysis of covariance(ANCOVA).Results FEV1 and FEV1/FVC had significant correla-tions with all of these CT parameters.DLCO、RV/TLC had significant correlations with these parameters,aside from the LAA% of right middle lobe and right inferior lobe.The LAA% in left upper lobe have the highest correlation with FEV1、DLCO、RV/TLC. However,FEV1/FVC have the highest correlation with the LAA% of right lower lobe.The LAA% of Right lung,right upper lobe,and whole lung were significantly different between the non-COPD group and GOLD1 group.Conclusion Whole lung and every lung lobe low attenuation areas volume percentage were reflected the lung function impairment in COPD patients.

Objective To study and discuss the problems involved in as well as the significance a nd methods of restoration and reconstr uction of forefoot defects.Methods Various procedures were adopted ac-cording to the wound variety and severity.For just absense of mefatarsal bones,only soft tissue was restored.For defects of metatarsals or metatarso phalangeal joints(usually associated with soft tissue defects)homochronous reconstruction and restoration was conducted by using vascularized bon e incorporation with free flap transplan-tation.Results Total 47cases wih forefoot defects were recpaired by using procedures me ntioned above from1994to 2000.All of this group regain ed their walking and weight-bearing functions as well as a good appearance.Conclusions Classification of forefoot injurie s according to their severity and loc ation is helpful in treatment,precise description and further stu dy of the injuries.Vascular bone incorporating with vascular flaps proved to be an ideal method of repairing compound defects.

[Objective]To compare long-term conversion between fresh and cryopreserved osteochondral allografts in order to further provide theoretical foundation for treatment of articular cartilage defect using osteochondral allografts. [Methods]Articular cartilage defect models of 5 mm in diameter and depth were established for 32 New Zealand rabbit’s knees and treated by fresh and cryopreserved osteochondral allografts. Allografts were harvested and assessed by observing and analysing proteoglycan content,chondrocyte viability and ultrastructure of articular cartilage using Alcianblue staining and BCECF-AM /PI fluorescent staining,respectively,at 12 and 18 months postoperatively.[Results]Proteoglycan content and percentage of viable chondrocytes of osteochondral allografts were obviously decreased.Results of fresh osteochondral allografts were significantly better than those of cryopreserved osteochondral allografts at different time points. Ultrastructure of chondrocytes demonstrated degenerative changes.[Conclusion]In treatment of artificial articular cartilage defect ,serious degenerative changes were found for both fresh and cryopreserved osteochondral allografts at a long period,suggesting that fresh,especially cryopreserved osteochondral allografts are not feasible to treat articular cartilage defect.

Objective To study and solve the reconstruction of the defects of first metatarsal and the forefoot. Methods Using microsurgical technique,adopt transplantation of vascularized iliac bone incorporating with free flap to restore the defects of first and second metatarsal as well as forefoot. Results The injuried foot was restored its weight-bearing and walking functions and obtained a satisfactory contour. Conclusion The vascular iliac bone was an ideal donor site for reconstruction of absense of metatarsal,and vascular bone incorporating free flap were proved superiorly in treatment of forefoot defects.

0.05).[Conclusion]The technique of double-tunnel with double-bundle of TE for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) can improve the knee stability at the different flexion degree(0?～90?) and is more efficiently than the technique of single-tunnel with single-bundle.

[Objective]To introduce the effect of reversed sural neurofasciocutaneous flap with muscle repairing the soft tissue defect of foot and ankle.[Method]Reversed sural neurofasciocutaneous flap with muscle was applied for repairing the soft tissue defect simultaneous open fracture of tibia lower section 6 cases,the soft tissue defect simultaneous chronic osteomyelitis of tibia lower section 5 case,the soft tissue defect of sole of foot simultaneous calcaneus epicarp 3 case, the soft tissue defect of sole of foot simultaneous calcaneus osteomyelitis or dead space 2 case. The scope of the flap was 18 c m?13 cm～11 c m?7 c m and that of the gastrocnemius flap was 4 cm?3 cm～9 c m?6 cm,the thickness was 1～3 cm,the skin flap was bigger than the muscle flap.[Result]Muscle side of the muscle flap was errhysising actively and the skin flap was good circulation duing operation, the muscle flaps were used clinically in 16 patiens all survived completely after operation. All cases were followed up from 5 to 17 months ,incision of open fracture healed primarily, osteomyelitis without reoccurring, the muscle flaps were satisfactory in appearance,feel recovered and walk well.[Conclusion]Reversed sural neurofasciocutaneous flap with muscle has sufficient blood supply and high survival rate,so it is an effective and feasible method in repairing the soft tissue defect of foot, ankle and tibia lower section in special cases.

Objective To explore the available methods in repairing and restoring the composite tissue defects after trauma of the lower extremities Methods One hundred and sixty four cases were studied in this article,each has a large area of skin defect and soft tissue defect,or combined with other tissue defects such as bone,muscle tendon,blood vessel,while blood supply to the foot of the injuried limb in all the cases was deficiency of bloodless which we called"sever trauma of the lower limb" According to the varied tissue defects and its injuried degree,five operating procedures were designed and introduced Result None of the limbs was severed,a 5～10 year follow up found a good result in 96 3% in all the cases Conclusion The five surgical means mentioned above were satisfied in repairing and restoring varied tissue defects following severe trauma of the lower limbs,and the injuried limbs may be saved