Hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass is both sustainable and environmentally friendly, which is garnering more and more attention across the world, with an expectation to challenge the shortage of fossil fuels supply and climate change as well. In this article, the update research progress and technology development of biohydrogen production are reviewed, with a focus on biomass pretreatment, hydrogen-producing microorganisms and process engineering strategies. And in the meantime, a roadmap for more efficient and economic biohydrogen production is envisioned.
Bacteria ; metabolism ; Bioelectric Energy Sources ; microbiology ; trends ; Biomass ; Biotransformation ; Fermentation ; Hydrogen ; metabolism ; Lignin ; metabolism

Objective:To investigate the development status of mental health service of Shanghai mental health agencies,and to provide reference for further strengthening the standardized management of service agencies.Methods:In Shanghai,107 mental health service agencies (including psychiatric institutions,non-specialist medical institutions,non-specialist enterprise and public institutions,social institutions) were selected from Shanghai psychological service industry association.Each person in charge of these agencies was interviewed with an adapted 5 l-item questionnaire.A total of 89 valid questionnaires were collected.In this study,25 items of the questionnaire (belonging to the parts of agency information,mental health service situation and management of mental health service) were selected and analyzed.Results:All the surveyed agencies had been registered.The average age of these agencies for setting up mental health service was 8.9 years,and the average age of psychiatric institutions was the longest (18.6 years).Besides,psychiatric institutions attracted most of the clients (83.9％) in 2015.Among the professionals,only 32.5％ were full time,74.0％ were female,41.5％ were between 31 and 40 years old and 63.8％ were undergraduates.Psychiatrists,psychotherapists,counselors and psychometric person accounted for 78.0％ of the professionals in these agencies.Only 52.3％ of the agencies had full-time management personnel for mental health service.The most used method of assessing the quality of service and staff assessment was to obtain feedback from the client/family members (81.0％) and the assessment of the services (78.8％).Conclusion:The development of mental health service in Shanghai mental health agencies has been more normalized,but there is still a lack of full-time professionals.In addition,there is a lack of unified supervision and management mechanism for professionals.

Objective:To understand the status of supervision of mental health service industry in Shanghai, and to provide reference for further strengthening the construction of mental health service system in Shanghai. Methods: In Shanghai, 107 mental health service agencies (including psychiatric institutions, non-specialist medical institutions, non-specialist enterprise and public institutions, social institutions) were selected from Shanghai psychological service industry association. The survey was conducted with the Questionnaire on Current Situation of Mental Health Professional Service Agencies in Shanghai (agency survey), including the "relevant information of agency" and the "management of the agency in the field of mental health services"(whether the agency had supervision requirements on the mental health service personnel, whether the agency organized supervision, the source of supervisors and payment method), and the Questionnaire on Current Situation of Mental Health Service Professionals in Shanghai (professional survey), including "basic information on demography "and" psychological professional work" (the number of hours of supervision in 2015, the cost of supervision, and the form of supervision and payment method). These two parts of questionnaire were selected and analyzed. Results: Agency survey results showed that 80％ of non-specialist enterprises had no supervision requirements for mental health service personnel, supervisor in non-specialist medical institutions were mainly from psychiatric institution (52.9％). The cost of supervision in most psychiatric institutions was paid by the agency (39.1％) and the cost of supervision in most public institutions was paid by professional (37％). The professional institutions under the jurisdiction of other departments within the unit required less supervision of the professional staff than the independent institutions (P ＜ 0.001). Professional survey results showed that the number of supervision hours of mental health service professional in social institutions was more than that in the other three types of institutions (P ＜0.001), of which 47.9％ chosen to pay the cost of supervision by themselves. The proportion of their own payment in social institutions was higher than that in the other three types of institutions (P ＜0.001). Conclusion:The social institutions in Shanghai have the best supervision of social institutions, followed by the supervision of the medical institutions. The supervision of non-medical enterprises and their personnel needs to be improved.

The redox biosynthesis system has important applications in green biomanufacturing of chiral compounds. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) catalyzes the oxidation of formate into carbon dioxide, which is associated with the reduction of NAD(P)⁺ into NAD(P)H. Due to this property, FDH is used as a crucial enzyme in the redox biosynthesis system for cofactor regeneration. Nevertheless, the application of natural FDH in industrial production is hampered by low catalytic efficiency, poor stability, and inefficient coenzyme utilization. This review summarized the structural characteristics and catalytic mechanism of FDH, as well as the advances in protein engineering of FDHs toward improved enzyme activity, catalytic efficiency, stability and coenzyme preference. The applications of using FDH as a coenzyme regeneration system for green biomanufacturing of chiral compounds were summarized.
Catalysis ; Coenzymes/metabolism* ; Formate Dehydrogenases/metabolism* ; NAD/metabolism* ; Protein Engineering