Cemental tear is a rare and indetectable condition unless obvious clinical signs present with the involvement of surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues. Due to its clinical manifestations similar to common dental issues, such as vertical root fracture, primary endodontic diseases, and periodontal diseases, as well as the low awareness of cemental tear for clinicians, misdiagnosis often occurs. The critical principle for cemental tear treatment is to remove torn fragments, and overlooking fragments leads to futile therapy, which could deteriorate the conditions of the affected teeth. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate interventions are vital for managing cemental tear. Novel diagnostic tools, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), microscopes, and enamel matrix derivatives, have improved early detection and management, enhancing tooth retention. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, combined with improved clinical awareness among dental professionals, serves to mitigate risks of diagnostic errors and suboptimal therapeutic interventions. This expert consensus reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cemental tear, aiming to provide a clinical guideline and facilitate clinicians to have a better understanding of cemental tear.
Humans ; Dental Cementum/injuries* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Tooth Fractures/therapy*

Lycopene plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis pathway of 2-methyl-derythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA). It is a representative product of isoprenoid family, and a typical product of multi-enzyme catalytic reaction in organism. In this paper, we first introduced the general regulation methods in multi-enzyme synthesis reaction, including the construction of multi gene co-expression plasmid, gene order regulation, promoter and ribosome binding site regulation, gene knockout and replacement, aiming at the optimization strategies of multi-enzyme catalytic reaction in lycopene synthesis pathway. Meanwhile, we introduced several new regulation methods in multi-enzyme reaction, including multi-fragment assembly technology, artificial scaffold self-assembly methods and so on. At last, we summarized the application of these multi-enzyme regulation methods in lycopene synthesis. These methods provide a great inspiration and research foundation for the construction of lycopene-producing strains with high yield.