A microcapsule is a spherical, with a diameter that can be controlled in the range of 200 -1500 μm and biocompatible semipermeable membrane, which allows the bidirectional diffusion of nutrients,oxygen, secreted therapeutic product, and waste but prevents the penetration of high molecular weight substances from the microcapsule, such as antibodies and immunocytes. In comparison to monolayer culture and multicellular tumor spheroid model, orthotopic injection of microencapsulated tumor cells has uncomparable advantages in cell proliferation, mimicking the in vivo situation, making orthotopic tumor model and distant organ metastases model. Microencapsulated tumor assay has the potential of being widely used for in vitro anticancer drug screening and evaluation of the effects. This article mainly reviews the advantages of microencapsulated tumor assay and its application.

Objective To study the relationship between the expression of NKG2D ligands and oxidative stress,and to analyze the effect of oxidative stress on the function of NK cells. Methods Tumor cells were cultured and exposed to hydrogen peroxide to develope an oxidative stress model. Then to detect the expression of NKG2D ligands in cells by Real-time PCR and Flow Cytometry. The cytotoxicity of NK cells to tumor cells was detected and compared by CCK-8 kit before and after oxidative stress. Results The expression of NKG2D ligands was induced by oxidative stress,however the NKG2D ligands induced was variable. The up-regulation of NKG2D ligands increased the cytotoxicity of NK cells efficiently,and this effect was blocked by anti-NKG2D antibody. Conclusion The expression of NKG2D ligands can be selectively induced by oxidative stress on tumor cells,and the improvement of the cytotoxicity of NK cells may enhance the immune responses accordingly.

ObjectiveTo investigate the etiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of regional portal hypertension caused by left upper abdominal malignant tumors.MethodsFrom January 2006 to December 2009, a total of 8 patients presenting regional portal hypertension were treated at our hospital, whose clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsPancreatic tumors (5/8) and retroperitoneal tumors(3/8)were the primary etiology,andthe main symptoms included upper gastrointestinal bleeding and irregular left upper abdominal pain.Isolated gastric varices were the most distinct clinical features. All patients underwent multi-visceral resection including pancreatic body and tail and spleen. Tumor involved stomach, left kidney, left adrenal and splenic flexure of colon were also removed en bloc. During the follow-up period there was no recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding, one patient died and two patients developed metastasis or tumor local recurrence.ConclusionRegional portal hypertension caused by malignant tumor was relatively rare,aggressive resection of multi-viscera combined with devascularization was an effective therapy.

Objective To study the HLA match rate of 222 living-related donors for kidney transplantation, and to give suggestions for clinical selection of suitable donors and recipients. Methods We analyzed the HLA match rate of 222 kidney transplantations from living relative donors from April 2006 to December 2008. There were 168 male recipients and 54 female recipients. The ages of 222 recipients ranged from 10 to 58. There were 133 male donors and 89 female donors. The ages of 222 recipients ranged from 21 to 64.Results The HLA-A, B, DR, DR, antigens of 87 kidney transplantations from living parental donors were half-matched, of which 14 were higher than half-matched. The HLA-A, B, DR, DQ antigens of 7 kidney transplantations from living children donors were half-matched, including 2 cases higher than half-matched.Among 56 kidney transplantations from living sibling donors, 12 cases were totally mated, 34 cases were half-matched, and the rest were less than half-matched or mismatched. Among 72 kidney transplantations from other living relative donors, 20 cases were higher than half-matched and 5 cases were completely mismatched. More than 4 HLA antigens in 6 cases were matched, but not half-matched. Three HLA antigens or less were matched in 41 cases. Conclusion The HLA match rates from living parental, children, or sibling donors were higher than other relative donors.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) on perioperative safety of patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Literatures were researched using Chinese Journal Full-text Database,Wanfang database,VIP database,PubMed,Medline from December 1,1994 to May 30,2016 with the key words including “肝细胞癌,肝切除,术前化疗栓塞,经动脉化疗栓塞,liver cancer,hepatocellular carcinoma,liver resection,hepatectomy,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,transarterial chemoembolization,preoperative” Manual retrieval was also conducted simultaneously.The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about TACE on perioperative safety of patients with resectable HCC were received and enrolled.Patients undergoing surgery after preoperative TACE were allocated into the case group and patients undergoing first-stage resection were allocated into the control group.Two reviewers independently screened literatures,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias.Count data were described as relative risk (RR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI).Measurement data were represented as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95％CI.The heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed using the I2 test.Results Five RCTs were enrolled in the Meta analysis,and the total sample size was 430 cases including 212 in the case group and 218 in the control group.Results of Meta analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the hemihepatic resection rate between the 2 groups (RR=0.99,95％CI:0.81～ 1.20,P＞0.05).The combined resection rate of perihepatic organs in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (RR=3.42,95％CI:1.91-6.12,P＜0.05).Results of subgroup analysis showed that operation time and incidence of postoperative complications of patients with an average tumor diameter ＞5 cm in the case group were respectively longer and higher than these in the control group (SMD=0.31,RR=1.65,95％CI:0.06-0.57,1.01-2.69,P＜0.05).Conclusion There is no obvious effect of preoperative TACE on resectable HCC,and it can evaluated combined resection rate of perihepatic organs,operation time and incidence of postoperative complications of patients with resectable HCC and an average tumor diameter ＞ 5 cm,and also reduce the perioperative safety.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the cost-effectiveness and quality of survival among different therapeutic regimens for diabetic patients with sulfonylureas secondary failure(SSF).METHODS:The cost-effectiveness and the effects on patients life quality of four therapeutic schemes(group A: mixed-human insulin;group B:repaglinide and metformin;group C:repaglinide and acarbose;group D:glipizide,metfonmin and novolin N) were compared using cost-effectiveness analysis in pharmacoeconomics and DSQOL(diabetic patients’ score on quality of life).RESULTS:Group A showed the best clinical efficiency,with cost-effectiveness ratio significantly lower,physiological and psychological dimension scores significantly higher and social dimension score significantly lower than in all the other 3 groups,and all were of significant differences,but no significant differences were noted in therapeutic dimension score as compared with the other 3 groups.CONCLUSION:Insulin is optimal among four schemes in the treatment of diabetic patients with sulfonylureas secondary failure in the cost-effectiveness analysis, and it has the best efficacy in the improvement of patients’ physiology and psychology.

Objective To establish a modified dynamic 99Tcm-pertechnetate salivary gland scintigraphy(SGS) method,and to evaluate the value in the diagnosis of Sj(o)gren's syndrome(SS) by comparing SGS with labial gland biopsy (LGB).Methods A total of 204 patients (21 males,183 females,age range 20-85 years) with suspected SS who underwent the modified dynamic SGS and LGB were enrolled in this prospective study.Uptake ratio (UR) and excretion fraction (EF) of the left parotid gland (LPG),the right parotid gland (RPG),the left submandibular gland (LSG) and the right submandibular gland (RSG)were calculated.Two-sample t test was used for data analysis.The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy of the modified dynamic SGS and LGB were calculated,and x2 test was used for data analysis.Results SS was confirmed in 113 patients,including 79 patients with primary SS and 34 patients with secondary SS.SS was excluded in 88 patients.The UR and EF of the SS group (LPG:1.95±1.04 and (52.2±19.5)％,RPG:1.96±1.06 and (55.0±21.1)％,LSG:2.65±1.12 and (25.9±14.1)％,RSG:2.72±1.30 and (29.7± 14.7) ％) were significantly lower than those of the non-SS group (LPG:3.08± 1.10 and (65.9± 12.7) ％,RPG:3.26±1.16 and (66.4±12.6)％,LSG:3.71±1.31 and (43.2±12.3)％,RSG:3.74±1.39 and (46.6± 11.5) ％;t=4.40-9.00,all P＜0.05).The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy of the modified dynamic SGS were 99.1％ (112/113),72.7％ (64/88),87.6％ (176/201),respectively,while those of LGB were 83.2％ (94/113),96.6％ (85/88),89.1％ (179/201),respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of SGS method were significantly different from those of LGB (x2 =15.9,17.5,both P＜0.05).Conclusions The modified dynamic SGS can reduce the acquisition time and has a high sensitivity for SS.When combined with LGB,it will improve the diagnostic accuracy for SS.

Abstract: Objective To construct a shuttle vector pHT315-AaCPR100A with two spore-producing-dependent promoters and the target gene AaCPR100A in Escherichia coli-Bacillus thuringiensis. Methods The forward promoter of Cry3A, named Pro-1 (+), was amplified by PCR using pSVP27A plasmid as the template, and the target gene AaCPR100A was amplified using Aedes aegypti RNA reverse conversion cDNA as the template. The plasmid pHT315 was linearized by digestion with Hind Ⅲ and Sal Ⅰ. The forward promoter and the target gene were inserted into the linearized vector pHT315 successively by in-fusion cloning according to the transcription direction. The synthesized plasmid containing the Cry3A reverse promoter sequence was used as the template, and the Pro-1 (-) reverse promoter was amplified by PCR. The intermediate vector containing the forward promoter and the target gene was linearized by EcoR I restriction enzyme, and the reverse promoter was inserted downstream of the target gene by in-fusion cloning in the direction of transcription. Results By agarose gel electrophoresis, the forward promoter, target gene AaCPR100A and reverse promoter bands were clear and of good quality, which could be used for in-fusion cloning experiments. The two spore-producing-dependent promoters and target gene fragments were connected by In-fusion cloning. The recombinant vector pHT315-AaCPR100A was verified by PCR. The forward promoter, target gene fragment and reverse promoter were successfully amplified in the recombinant vector. Nucleotide sequencing verified that the sequencing results of the bidirectional promoter sequence and the target gene sequence were basically consistent with the sequence alignment results, which met the requirements of the construction of vector elements and proved that the recombinant vector was successfully constructed. Conclusions Based on the above results, this study proves that the recombinant shuttle vector with two spore-producing-dependent promoters can be successfully constructed by in-fusion cloning technology, laying the foundation for the construction of engineered Bacillus thuringiensis expressing dsRNA of AaCPR100A.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocyte/polymer interface with good biocompatibility is the key factor in bioreactor design andconstruction, however, bioreactor used in the clinical practice currently is not an ideal one.OBJECTIVE: To establish human hepatocyte compatible polypropylene interface and to lay a foundation for establishingbioartificial liver reactor with polypropylene hollow fiber.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The comparative observation, cell compatibility experiment was performed betweenFebruary and October 2003 at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.MATERIALS: Polypropylene Photochemical graft polymerization modification technique was used to graft hydrophilicacrylamide groups on the surface of polypropylene membrane by chemical bonds to form modified polypropylenemembrane.METHODS: L02 human hepatoeytes were seeded on polypropylene membrane, modified polypropylene membrane andpolystyrene membrane, and polystyrene membrane was used as normal control.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Static water contact angle of polypropylene membrane before and after graftmodification; morphology, adherent rate and proliferation activity of L02 human hepatocytes on different material surfaces.RESULTS: Static water contact angle after polypropylene membrane graft modification was smaller than that before graftmodification (P < 0.05). The adherent rate of L02 human hepatocytes on the surface of modified polypropylene membranewas 0, and the proliferation activity of them, which grew as spherical aggregates, was markedly higher than that of cells onpolystyrene membrane and polypropylene membrane without graft modification.CONCLUSION: Grafting polyacrylamide on the surface of polypropylene can establish good interface of L02 humanhepatocytes/polypropylene and form hepatocyte spherical aggregates through simple static culture.

The comparative analysis of the biological characterization and the genetic background study of EV71 circulating strains is commonly recognized as basic work necessary for development of an effective EV71 vaccine. In this study, we sequenced five EV71 circulating strains, isolated from Fuyang, Hefei, Kunming and Shenzhen city of China and named them FY-23, FY-22, H44, K9 and S1 respectively. The sequence alignment demonstrated their genotypes be C4. The genetic distance of the VP1 gene from these isolates suggested that they were highly co-related with genetic identity similar to other previously reported EV71 strains in China. Additionally, these strains were identified to display some obvious proliferation dynamics and plaque morphology when propagated in Vero cells. However, a distinctive difference in pathogenic ability in neonatal mice was found. Some differences in cross neutralization test & immunogenic analysis were also found. All these results are related to the biological characterization of circulating EV71 strains in China and aid in the development of an EV71 vaccine in the future.