Since entering the 21st century,the trend of high incidence of chronic diseases in the in?ternational community has not been effectively controlled and the pharmaceutical and medical fields are put forward new challenges. Both the development and evaluation of chemical drugs,biological drugs or traditional Chinese medicine are facing with how to significantly improve the efficacy and reduce the side effect of the drugs. With the coming of the accurate medical treatment as well as the big data era,new opportunities and challenges are needed either in the development of new drugs or new use of old drugs. However,as known that the human body consists of the symbiotic microbial groups of human microecological system especially the gut microecology system is more and more important in human health and disease,and even part diseases such as obesity and diabetes have a certain degree of causality with the gut microflora,so we need to reanalyze the core ideas about drug development or even the current medical theory system. Therefore,it is possible to step out of the old way of current drug development in the new period,to make new contributions on the real effective implementation of prevention and control of chronic diseases. According to international human body microecological especially the research progress of gut microecological field,systematic analysis of the problems existing in the current research and development of new drugs,will not only focus on the human body itself,but also the human microecology as well as the balance between human and micro?ecological,which will promote rapid development of research and development of new drugs and prevention and control of chronic disease in order to improve the physical and mental health services in our country.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical efficacy of simple endoscopic surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Methods Kaplan-meier method and Cox regression model were used to analyze 101 cases of stage Ⅱa-Ⅲ esophageal cancer patients in 2011. Among them, 41 cases were treated with simple operation and 60 cases were treated with radiotherapy. The survival time and survival rate of the two groups were compared and analyzed Factors that affect their survival time. Results The median survival time was 31 months in the surgery group and 36 months in the radiotherapy group. The survival rate was 80%, 31%, 16% for 1, 3, and 5 years in the surgery alone group, 78%, 42% and 27% in the postoperative radiotherapy group, the overall survival rate was not statistically significant. The survival rate of patients with stage Ⅱb-Ⅲ was statistically significant (χ2= 4.02, P<0.05). Factors affecting the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and postoperative radiotherapy, tumor size, staging, smoking history. Conclusion There is no significant difference in the overall survival rate of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma between simple surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, but postoperative radiotherapy can improve the survival rate of patients with stage Ⅱb-Ⅲ.

The hepatic portal system is a unique circulatory system that connects two systems of capillary beds ; one in the wall of the small intestine and spleen and the second in the sinusoidal area of the liver.Therefore,alterations in vasoreactivity (vasodilation and vasoconstriction) play a critical role in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension (PHT).The RhoA/ ROCK pathway exerts an important role in the Ca2+-independent mechanism in vascular smooth muscle (VSM).This mechanism not only modulates the constriction of intrahepatic small vessels and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) but also effects the hyperdynamic circulation due to vascular hyporesponsiveness.Understanding the detailed mechanism and role of the RhoA/ROCK signal pathway in portal hypertension could be of great utility in providing a new target for portal hypertension therapy.

Objective To compare the different effects of endurance and exhaustive exercises on hepcidin in the blood and liver,and determine the changes of related indexes about iron metabolism and hypoxia response,and of inflammatory and antimicrobial activity factors.Methods Thiry female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (n=10),an endurance exercise group (n=10) and an exhaustive exercise group (n=10).Then 4 weeks of endurance and exhaustive treadmill training were given to different exercise groups respectively.Blood samples were collected,the routine indexes of the whole blood,and the serum indexes about iron metabolism,hypoxia response,inflammatory and antimicrobial activity factors were measured.Meanwhile,liver samples were fixed,embedded and sliced,and the expression of hepcidin,hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and nuclear factor of kappa b (NF-κB) of different groups were measured using the immunochemistry staining.Results Compared with the control group,after 4-week endurance exercises,there was significant increase in the concentration of erythropoietin (EPO),but significant differences in the level of serum hepcidin and interleukin 6 (IL-6).However,after 4 weeks of exhaustive exercise,significant increase was observed in the level of hepcidin and the expression of HIF-1α in the serum and liver,as well as the serum interleukin 1 (IL-1),IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-α and C reactive protein,but significant decrease was found in the concentration of serum EPO and the level of serum TF and sTFR compared to the control group.Moreover,there was significant increase in the level of toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB,which is correlated with the antimicrobial peptide activity of hepcidin compared between the exhaustive and control group.Conclusions Four-week endurance exercise down-regulates the level of serum hepcidin,while 4-week exhaustive exercise increases the hepcidin level in the serum and liver significantly.Therefore,different exercises can result in totally different effect on the hepcidin level.

Objective:To explore the value of applying the U-100 laser lithotripsy through extra-thin choledochoscope under miniincision to treat the refractory common bile duct stones.Methods:The curative effect and complications of 68 patients were observed.Results:All of the operations were succeeded whithout cases of death.67 cases’ biliary stones were completely removed,and the stone free rate is 98.52%,only 4 cases have complications.Transcystic bile duct exploration were performed in 29 patients,and CBDE were performed in 39 patients,the average postoperative time of in hospital stay is only 10.5 days.Conclusion:The treatment plan has the advantages of mini invasion,high efficiency and low postoperative complication rate,so it’s safe and practicable.

Objective To establish a method for detecting intestinal bacteria in Caenorhabditis elegans.Methods The gut flora number of 1, 20 or, 50 C.elegans was quantified and compared using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results The gut flora of a single C.elegans could be detected using qPCR method , which could also reflect the difference in the number of gut bacteria between different samples .Conclusion The qPCR method can be uased to accurately quantify intestinal bacteria even in only one C.elegans and has the advantages of low-cost, high-sensitivity and good-specificity.

Objective To verify the antibacterial activity of the conserved domain derived from the novel human antimicrobial peptide-hGlyrichin .Methods Bioinformative analysis was performed and two peptides derived from hGlyrichin were synthesized which contained the conserved domain .Results Analysis of antimicrobial activities showed that these two peptides exhibited strong antibacterial activity which was inversely proportional to the length of the peptide within an eligible range.Despite the effective inhibition and killing of bacteria , the synthetic peptide segments had no hemolytic effect on human red blood cells .Conclusion These results indicate that a conserved domain exists in hGlyrichin , and that the peptides which contain this domain have strong antibacterial activity but are not toxic to human somatic cells .

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of IDO and c-myc in bladder urothelial carcinoma.Methods IDO mRNA expression from fresh tumor and mucosa specimens from 20 cases were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR,and SP was used to detect the IDO,c-myc protein in paraffin-embeded specimens from 84 cases and mucosa specimens from 22 cases.Results In bladder urothelial carcinoma,IDO,c-myc protein expression level had no relationship with age and sex.Expression of IDO protein in invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma was significantly higher than that of no-invasive (x2 =5.600,P =0.018).With the increase of the histological grade (x2 =20.268,P =0.000) and UICC stage (x2 =12.075,P =0.007),the positive expression rate of IDO protein was increased.There was not positive expression of c-myc protein in normal bladder tissue,but in bladder urothelial carcinoma,44 cases (52.4 ％) were positive expression (x2 =10.733,P =0.001).The expression of c-myc protein had no relationship with the histological classification,histological grade and UICC stage.In bladder urothelial carcinoma tissue,IDO protein expression level was positively correlated with c-myc protein expression (r =0.205,P =0.047),and was positively correlated with the histological classification,histological grade and UICC stage (r =0.258,P =0.018; r =0.491,P =0.000; r =0.365,P =0.001).Expression of IDO mRNA in bladder urothelial carcinoma (7.696 1±1.745 2) was significantly higher than that in normal bladder tissue (6.397 0±1.205 1)(t =2.367,P =0.023).The average expression level of IDO mRNA in bladder urothelial carcinoma of Ta-T1 stage was 6.803 4±1.567 5,which was significantly lower than that in T2-T4 stage (9.183 8±0.690 3) (t =4.955,P =0.000).The average expression levels of IDO mRNA in grade Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ bladder urothelial carcinoma were 7.058 7±1.771 5,7.934 2±1.530 5,9.290 7±0.574 5,respectively,which were increased with the grade increasing (t =2.729,P =0.011).Conclusions The high expression of IDO correlates with bladder urothelial carcinoma progression,and expression of c-myc is irrelevant with bladder urothelial carcinoma progression,but maybe associate with bladder urothelial carcinoma occurrence.IDO may be a predictive factor of prognosis.IDO and c-myc may be therapeutic target in the treatment of bladder urothelial cancer.

Objective To study the method and effect of superomedial pedicled mammaplasty based on Würinger's horizontal septum.Methods During August 2014 to August 2015,25 cases of cromastia were treated with septum-based mammaplasties with a superomedial pedicled and vertical incision.Based on the preoperation design,the superomedial pedicle was deepithelialized with preservation of the dermis and the subdermal plexus.The pedicle was dissected as described,the excess tissue was removed with the prepectoral fascia preserved.After remodeling the shape of mammary gland,the incision was sutured.Results There was no hematoma,no fat liquefaction and no partial or complete NAC necrosis.The pre and postoperative NAC sensibilities were comparable in all the patients.The patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months,and all the patients were satisfied with the therapeutic effect and expressed acceptance to the scar.Conclusions The breast reduction based on wellvascularized septum and superomedial pedicle is safe with minor scar,even in large breasts.This technique demonstrates ease of pedicle shaping and breast remodeling.The satisfied effect could be obtained for patients with severe ptosis of breasts just after operations and in future.

Gut microbes play an important role in human health and are believed to be closely related to obesity , diabetes and some other metabolic diseases .Recently, intestinal flora has become a research hotspot and new target for disease prevention.The problems facing intestinal flora research included variability between individuals ,huge amounts and varieties of gut microbes .Caenorhabditis elegans, with the advantages of living on E.coli, short growth periods , easy observation,applicability to high throughput screening of drugs , is an ideal model organism for research of microbe-host interactions .It has been used in probiotics screening and interaction mechanism research of multifold bacteria .This review summarizes some new researches and applications in this area .