The rapid development of second-generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics has enabled us to find out more about the components of the microbiome throughout the respiratory tract,including bacteria,fungi and viruses.A growing number of studies have shown that there is a close relationship between respiratory microorganisms and various respiratory diseases,which provides new areas of research relating to asthma,cystic fibrosis (CF),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),lung cancer and influenza.In this paper,research progress in respiratory microbiome (bacteria, fungi and viruses)and related diseases is reviewed.

Objective To provide theoretical reference for clinical therapy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma by evaluating the effects of polysaccharides and pioglitazone on mouse model of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and to explore the relationship between inflammation and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Methods One hundred mice were averagely divided into five groups, including control group, model group, polysaccharides group, pioglitazone group, polysaccharides and pioglitazone group (unite group). Polysaccharides solution (500 mg/kg) was given to polysaccharides group, pioglitazone solution (15 mg/kg) was given to pioglitazone group, polysaccharides solution (500 mg/kg) and pioglitazone solution (15 mg/kg) were given to unite group;and the equal volume of saline (10 mL/kg) was given to control and model group (1 t/d, 5 d/w, continuously 20 w ). The pulmonary adenocarcinoma induced by urethane was evaluated in each group at different time points. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in each group at the 12th week and the 20th week respectively. Results The body weights were increased in the control group, which were decreased in other groups during urethane-injection, but increased continuously after the injection. At the 20th week, nodules were found in lung surfaces in all mice except mice of control group. The lung index was higher in all mice except mice of control group. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 were significantly higher at 12th week and 20th in model group, polysaccharides group, pioglitazone group, polysaccha?rides and pioglitazone group than those of control group. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 were significantly lower in polysaccharides group, pioglitazone group, polysaccharides and pioglitazone group than those of model group. Con?clusion Sustained inflammatory response is one of the risk factors for the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Polysaccha?rides and pioglitazone can reduce the level of inflammation in mouse lung adenocarcinoma, suggesting that both of them can be used as potential adjuvant in the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

ObjectiveTo study electrophysiological characteristics and catheter ablation left-sided accessory pathways of Mahaim fiber.MethodsTwenty-eight patients underwent catheter ablation for Mabaim fiber and 3 patients was left-sided accessory pathways.All of them were male with 34,20,38 years old.The tachycardia history was1-5years. Electrophysiological characteristics,target sitesand electrocardiogram(ECG,12 leads) were recorded through catheter from coronary sinus(CS),high right atrium(HRA),His bundle and ablation.ResultsOne patient's ECG showed little preexcitation,the other two were normal. Atrial stimulation could be easily induced tachycardia.Their ECG showed wide QRS waves (right bundle branch block or similar right bundle branch block).The characteristics of accessory pathways were slow and anterograde decremental conduction as well as blocked by adenosine triphosphate injection.Ventricular-atrial conduction was via atrioventricular node with centripetal decreasing transmission during ventricular pacing.During tachycardia,the His bundle electrogram resulted in a V-H-A pattern,the retrograde A in His bundle was pioneer.The atriofascicular pathways of 2 patients were completely ablated respectively in left posterior lateral and before the free wall of mitral valve ring.The nodoventricular pathway of 1 patient was successfully ablated in left middle posterior lateral of mitral valve ring.ConclusionsThe left-sided accessory pathways of Mahaim fiber is an uncommon accessory pathway,which has specific electrophysiological characteristics.It is effective and safe to ablate accessory pathway with radiofrequency.

Objective In order to explore the localization of NGB mRNA in adult rat brain. Methods In the present study,the localization of NGB mRNA in brain of the adult rat was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry using digoxigenin labelled cRNA probes. Results Transcripts of NGB mRNA were showed to be widely distributed throughout the adult rat brain,including cerebral cortex,hippocampus,thalamus,hypothalamus,cerebellum and olfactory bulb.Conclusion\ Our result suggested that NGB gene might play an important role in the central nervous system,possibly related to the oxygen supply of the neuron.

Objective To investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the side of the bundle of His, and to analyze the efficacy and safety of transcatheter radiofrequency ablation via the right side of the bundle of His and left noncoronary sinus of aorta for the treatment of AT. Methods A total of 12 patients with AT originating from the side the bundle of His, which was confirmed by conventional electrophysiological study and atrial activation patterns, were included in this study. The patient’s age ranged from 12 to 64 years old with a mean of (47.4±14.6) years. The mapping was carried out at the right side of the bundle of His and radiofrequency ablation was performed. When the ablation procedure failed, or the junction zone rhythm or atrioventricular block occurred, ablation via the left noncoronary sinus of aorta was employed. Results Atrial stimulation could repeatedly induce and terminate AT in all the 12 patients, the average cycle length was (327±76) ms. TA was terminated within 10 seconds after the start of ablation in 10 patients during their AT attacks. Ablation was unsuccessful in 2 patients. Ablation via the right side of His bundle was successfully accomplished in 2 patients, and the ablation via the left noncoronary sinus of aorta was successfully carried out in 8 patients. The average follow-up time was 1-6 years, and no recurrence of AT was observed. Conclusion Atrial tachycardia originating from the side of the bundle of His has certain electrophysiological characteristics, and transcatheter radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective for its treatment. Ablation via the left noncoronary sinus of aorta should be considered as a strategy of priority.

Objective To investigate the risk factors that may induce pneumothorax resulted from subclavian vein puncture during interventional therapy for arrhythmia.Methods The clinical data of 4 351 patients with heart disease,who were admitted to Wuhan Asia Heart Disease Hospital,China,during the period from January 2010 to January 2014 to receive subclavian vein puncture for the performance of radiofrequency catheter ablation or pacemaker implantation,were retrospectively analyzed.The gender,age,presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the shape of clavicle of patients who developed pneumothorax were analyzed,and their relationships with the occurrence of pneumothorax were evaluated.Results Of the 4 351 patients,47 patients developed pneumothorax(1.08％),their age was 12-72 years old with a mean of (47.1±18.4) years old.Among the 47 patients,37 patients were females (78.7％).The angle between clavicle and sternum ＜60°(oblique clavicle) was seen in 27 patients,coexisting COPD was seen in 2 patients.The occurrence of pneumothorax was strikingly higher in females than that in males (OR=2.7,95％ CI=1.4-5.2).In patients with oblique clavicle the risk of pneumothorax was obviously increased (OR=3.5,95％ CI=1.6-7.9) and in patients with COPD the probability of pneumothorax was remarkably increased (OR=2.3,95％CI=1.2-4.7).No special treatment was employed in 5 pneumothorax patients,and the pneumothorax was absorbed by itself.In 19 patients,the pneumothorax was relieved through thoracic puncture and suction.Closed drainage of thoracic cavity was employed in 23 patients.All patients were discharged from hospital with complete rehabilitation.Conclusion Clinically,pneumothorax has been an important clinical problem in interventional therapy.In female patients and in patients who have oblique clavicle or coexisting COPD,pneumothorax is more likely to occur when they receive subclavian vein puncture.

Objective To explore the effect of timosaponin B-II ( TB-II) on the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in neonatal rats. Methods The biological functions of self-proliferation and multi-differentiation of NSCs were identified by primary culture, cell proliferation counting,morphological observation and immunology. NSCs of SD rats were cultured in vitro and treated with different concentrations of TB-II (10 μg/ml,30 μg/ml ,100 μg/ml) for 7 days. Immuno-histochemistry was used to detect the effect of TB-II on the differentiation of NSCs into TH-positive neurons, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of TH protein in neurons. Results ( 1) The cultured cells had the ability to self-proliferation,expressed nestin protein and differentiated into neurons and glial cells. So the cultured cells were conformed to the biological function of neural stem cells. (2)Compared with the control group,the TH positive cell ratio of TB-II 30 μg/ml group and TB-II 100 μg/ml group increased ((10. 03± 1. 36)%),( 20. 01± 3. 37)%),(31. 32± 3. 98)%) ,the difference was significant ( t=6. 15, 16. 54,both P<0. 05). There was no significant difference between TB-II 10 μg/ml group and control group (P>0. 05). (3)Western results showed that the relative expression of TH protein in TB-II 30 g/ml group and TB-II 100 μg/ml group was higher than that in control group,the difference was statistically significant (con-trol group: (1. 02±0. 24),TB-II 30μg/ml group: (3. 64±1. 78),TB-II 100 μg/ml group: (5. 88±2. 34);t=12. 58,9. 15,both P<0. 05). There was no significant difference between TB-II 10 μg/ml group and con-trol group (P>0. 05). Conclusion TB-II can promote the differentiation of NSCs into TH-positive neurons.