Trace dements molybdenum was discovered in 1778.As a rare refractory metals,it is one of the essential trace elements for human body.Molybdenum is mainly distributed in the skeleton,absorbed in the digestive tract,and excreted by the kidney,bile,sweat,and hair.Molybdenum is involved in metabolism mainly through two ways:inorganic salts,and molybdenum-containing enzyme cofactor.An appropriate mount of molybdenum is important for life activities of the human body,whereas molybdenum deficiency and molybdenum accumulation may cause the multiple system dysfunction.Molybdenum imbalance can be prevented and treated by diet or supportive therapy.

Copper is an essential trace element and plays an important role in the synthesis and function of many metabolic enzymes. However,it may be toxic when copper is overloaded. Numerous studies have been conducted on copper metabolism,especially the toxicity on liver;but systemic review is rare. This article is a systemic review on metabolism, mechanism of toxic effect,liver disease related to overloading of copper,and illustrates the effect of copper on liver ultra structure,oxidative stress,mitochondrial function,cell cycle and apoptosis.

Objective To explore surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods Clinical data of 16 patients of UC undergoing surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Results In this series,16 out of 78 UC patients undergoing surgery included failing to control symptom by conservative therapy in 10, bowel obstruction in 3,suspected malignance in 3. Eight cases underwent total proctocolectomy and ileostomy,4 with total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA),2 with total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis,2 with partial colectomy. Conclusions The main indications for surgery in UC patients were failure of medical treatment, complicated bowel obstruction and suspected malignance. Total proctocolectomy and ileostomy is a cure for UC, total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis benifits defecation control but suffering from high incidence of stomal ulcer.

Objective To investigate changes of regulatory T (Treg) cell proportion and activity in patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with bacterial infections.Methods Thirty patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with bacterial infections,20patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis without bacterial infection and 10 healthy controls were recruited in the study from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University during January 2009 and December 2011.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from blood samples via density gradient centrifugation.The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ CD127low Treg cells in CD4+ cells was detected by flow cytometry.The immune activity of Treg cells isolated from PBMCs was observed by a suppression assay of allogeneic mixed lymphocyte response (MLR).Results Patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with bacterial infections had significantly lower percentage of Treg cells in CD4 + T cells of PBMCs than the patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis without bacterial infections [(4.07±1.18)％ vs.(9.74 ±3.00)％,t =9.35,P＜0.01].The suppression ability to homologous PBMCs proliferation of Treg cells isolated from patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with bacterial infections was significantly weakened as demonstrated in MLR assay [ cpm =(22.79 ± 4.94) × 103],which had a statistical difference compared with both the patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis without bacterial infection and the healthy controls [ cpm =(6.43±1.19) × 103 and (5.96 ± 1.25) × 103 respectively; t =16.09 and 16.51,P＜ 0.01].Conclusion There is a decrease of both quantity and activity of Treg cell in the patients with decompensated hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with bacterial infections.

Objective To explore the features and influencing factors of ambulatory blood pressure in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.Methods A total of 540 CKD patients from May 2010 to May 2012 in our department were enrolled in this study.Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was carried out.Blood pressure (BP),proteinuria and other clinical parameters were measured regularly.Ultrasonography was used to evaluate cardiac structure and function,carotid intima-media thickness and plaque.Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to examine the association between BP and clinical parameters.Results 63.9％ of CKD patients was non-dipper BP pattern,and 36.1％ was dipper BP pattern.As compared to dipper BP patients,those with non-dipper BP had higher ratio of nighttime/daytime proteinuria (0.51±0.29 vs 0.42±0.21,P ＜ 0.01),lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [(56.2±48.2) vs (75.5±56.5) ml· min 1 · (1.73 m2)-1,P ＜ 0.01],higher serum cystatin C[(2.8±2.0) mg/L vs (2.1±2.0) mg/L,P ＜ 0.01],higher left ventricular mass index [(53.7±23.2) vs (45.1± 16.3) g/m2,P ＜ 0.01] and severely damaged left ventricular diastolic function and higher carotid intima-media thickness [(0.7±0.3) vs (0.6±0.2) mm,P＜ 0.01].Nighttime blood pressure was independent predictor for proteinuria,eGFR and left ventricular mass index.Conclusions Nondipper blood pressure pattern is very common in CKD patients.Nighttime pressure is closely associated to renal damage and cardiovascular injuries.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the applicability of glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in elderly Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD). MethodsA total of 103 elderly CKD patients were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by Coekcroft -Gault equation, MDRD1 equation, abbreviated MDRD equation, Jellife 1973 equation, Mawer equation, Hull equation, Jellife 1971 equation, plasma creatinine reciprocal equation, Gate equation and Bjornsson equation. The accuracy of estimated GFRs was compared with that of GFR estimated by 99mTe-DTPA-GFR (sGFR)in elderly CKD patients. ResultsBland-Altman analysis demonstrated that GFRs evaluated by Cockcroft -Gault equation, Bjornsson equation and Hull equation were more consistent with sGFR than the other equations. But all the equations were not well consistent with sGFR. Linear regression showed that the slopes of Jellife 1973 equation and Cockcroft-Gault equation were closer to the identical line. Bias of MDRD1 equation was smaller. Accuracy of Bjornsson equation, Jellife 1973 equation and Cockcroft-Gault equation were higher than the other equations. When comparing the bias as well as accuracy of estimated GFRs with sGFR in different stages of CKD, GFR estimated by Bjornsson equation, Coekcroft-Gault equation and Jellife1973 equation showed better Results . ConclusionsWhen plasma creatinine is checked by enzymatic method, GFR estimating equations may show great bias in elderly Chinese CKD patients.

Objective To evaluate the applicability of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) caJcuated by Cock-croft-Gault equation, MDRD1 equation and abbreviated MDRD equation in the chronic glomerulonephritis. Methods 143 chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients diagnosed in our hospital from January 2005 to December 2007 were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate(GFR) was estimated with Cockcroft-Gault equation, MDRD1 equation and ab-breviated MDRD equation. The accuracy of estimated GFRs was compared with 99Tcm-DTPA-GFR in chronic glomer-ulonephritis patients. Results Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that Cockcroft-Gault equation was more consist-ent with GFR and sGFR than the other equations. Linear regression analysis showed that the slopes of Cockcroft-Gault equation were closer to the identical line,with a smaller bias and higher accuracy . When compared, the bias as well as accuracy of estimated GFRs with sGFR in different stages of CKD,Cockcroft-Gault equation showed good results. Condusion When plasma creatinine is checked with enzymatic method, Cockcroft-Gault equation is more appropriate than MDRD1 equation and abbreviated MDRD equation for estimating renal function in chronic glomeru-lonephritis patients.

Objective To explore the surgical treatment of Crohn's disease(CD).Methods Clinical data of 11 patients with Crohn's disease undergoing surgery were retrospectively analyzed.Results 9 cases were diagnosed before operation,with symptoms including abdomen pain,diarrhea or constipation,weight loss,and segmental lesions.Abdominal mass was the most common cause,accounting for 54.5%(6/11)in surgery,and intestinal obstruction was secondary.accounting for 36.4%(4/11),and perianal abscess,9.1%(1/11).Partial enterectomy and anastomosis was the main procedure.3 cases were suspected malignance and underging radical cure.The pathology results showed there was moderate atypical hyperplasia in 2 of 3.Most of the patients had a good recovery and their nutritional conditions were improved obviously(P＜0.05).Conclusion Abdominal mass and intestinal obstruction are the main causes of surgical management in patients with Crohn's disease.The possibility of cancerization is higher in patients with longer medical history.The length of intestine reseeted would be enough with visitable lesions resected,and the operative effects are as good as those underwent radical cure.

Human tissue kallikrein-binding protein (Kallistatin, KAL), a secretory protein that participates in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways by binding to the extracellular receptor, however, at present has not been reported about the intracellular activity, and whether it has the similar biological activity with extracellular activity. Here we constructed no signal peptide KAL (NSK) into the adeno-associated virus vector to explore the intracellular activity of KAL. Both the endothelial cell and lung cancer cells could express KAL, but not secreted after rAAV2-NSK transfection. The proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were inhibited, but the apoptosis rate was not affected. The proliferation rates, mobility and tubule formation of all the three tested lung cancer cells, such as NCI-H446, NCI-H460 and A549, were inhibited to different extents. This cellular study not only confirmed the intracellular activity, but also suggested it may serve as a kind of "balance factor" in multi-targeted controlling, which may provide a new train of thoughts to explain the regulatory contradiction in PI3K-Akt signaling pathways by KAL.
Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Dependovirus ; Genetic Vectors ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Serpins ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection

AIM: To investigate the mechanism of proliferation effect induced by (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 on retinal pigmented epithelial cells(ARPE-19).METHODS: Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells(ARPE-19) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the effect of (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 on cell growth,and their mechanisms of proliferative action by using ERK、 AKT、PI3K、Protein kinase C (PKC)and Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors.RESULTS: (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 dose-dependently increased ARPE-19 cell proliferation,but not on HUVECs. When treated with proliferative inhibitors,H7(5μmol/L)、hypericin(20μmol/L)、PD98059(2μmol/L)、LY294002(50μmol/L)、SH-5 (10μmol/L) and L-NAME (100μmol/L),the proliferative effect was reduced by H7、hypericin、PD98059 and LY294002,but not by SH-5 and L-NAME.CONCLUSION: (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 can induce cell proliferation through MAPK and PI3K dependent pathway. KEYWORDS: age-related macular degeneration; (R,R)-XY-10; (S,S)-XY-10; ARPE-19 cells; human umbilical vein endothelial cells; proliferation