Objective To evaluate effect of clinical study combined with short-term intensive simulation on training of hysteroscopy technology. Methods Trainees receiving training of hystero-scopy technology from the January to December 2012 in Gynecology Minimally Invasive Center, Bei-jing Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were enrolled and di-vided into two groups depending on the different training modes. Twenty-four trainees in group1 par-tic-ipated in three-month hysteroscopic clinical study program. Twenty-two trainees in group2 partici-pated in three-month clinical study program including one-week short term intensive simulation. After the training, the effect was evaluated by the rating scale and the Rank sum test was used for statisti-cal analysis. P<0.05 signifies statistically significant difference. Results The operation time(P=0.03), forward planning (P=0.02), instrument handing (P=0.00) and knowledge of specific procedure (P=0.04) were improved significantly in group 2 compared with those in group 1. Conclusions The training mode of clinical study combined with the short-term intensive simulation can improve hys-teroscopy technology effectively and should be widely applied.

Objective To provide a basis for humanity education in the university by a survey of clinical graduates' recognition of humanity education and humanity curriculum. Method An anony-mous questionnaire was adopted and 514 questionnaires were distributed to the 2014 clinical gradu-ates in Peking University Health Science Center about their understanding of humanity education and humanity curriculum. The investigation data was double entried in Epidata 3.1, apply SPSS 19.0 to make the descriptive analysis, chi-square test. Results 69.3% (167/241) students believed humanity education enhanced their professionalism and competency;52.7%(127/241) students believed humanity education enhanced their doctor-patient communication; 36.4% (174/478) students believed their hu-manity knowledge came from their instructors' personal example and teaching;31.1%(149/479) students said the best way of humanity education was through social practice;59.7%(286/479) students consid-ered the combination of classroom lecturing and discussion as the best way to humanity education. As to the major weaknesses in humanities education, 46.9%(113/241) students chose insufficient curriculum, 23.2%(56/241) chose lack of practical value and 23.7%(57/241) chose monotonous teaching methods;Conclusion The best approach to humanities teaching is to combine class lecture with class discus-sion. Besides, hidden curriculum also contributes to humanity education. The enhancement of clinical graduates education relies heavily on humanity education and its emphasis should be laid on the training of humanity teachers, the study of humanity curriculum and learning from other universities.

Objective To study the ultrastructural features of myocytes in uterine junctional zone (JZ).Methods From August 2010 to August 2013,there were 16 pre-menopause patients who suffered from cervical neoplasm to be performed hysterectomy.Samples of JZ and outer myometrium (OM) of hysterectomy specimens were collected.There were 8 specimens from the proliferative-phase and 8 specimens from the secretory-phase of endometrium.Ultrastructural features of JZ and OM were examined by using transmission electron microscopy and the related indices of myocytes were compared by using Student's t test.Results At JZ,there were more cytoplasmic process in the myocytes.The myocytes of JZ exhibited significant difference compared with those of OM.Firstly,the contractile structural components,such as the dense patches,dense bodies and the myofilaments were less abundant.In contrast,the perinuclear cell organelles were more distinct.The mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were more prominent,denoting active protein synthesis.Secondly,the mean diameter of cell and nuclei demonstrated cyclic change.In proliferative phase of endometrium,the cell diameters of JZ and OM were (4.70_±0.52) and (4.69± 1.20) μm,respectively,which there were no significant difference(P=0.987).While in secretory phase,the cell diameters of JZ and OM were (3.75±0.36) and (4.92±0.51) μm,which there were significant difference (P=0.006).In proliferative phase,the nuclei diameters of JZ and OM were (3.24±0.41) and (2.90±0.62) μm,and in secretory phase,the nuclei diameters of JZ and OM were (2.44±0.27) and (2.92±0.44) μm.There were no significantly different in both phases (P=0.374,P=0.097).The diameters of cell and nuclei had cyclical changes (P ＜ 0.05).However,the cyclical changes were absent in OM (P＞ 0.05).Thirdly,the myofilaments/cytoplasm ratio of JZ in proliferative and secretory phases were 0.27±0.04 and 0.34±0.03,which were significantly less than those of OM in respective phases (0.49±0.03and 0.54±0.03;P=0.000,P=0.000).The myofilaments/cytoplasm ratio exhibited cyclical changes in JZ (P=0.029),but in OM,the cyclical changes were absent (P=0.083).Conclusions Compared with OM,ultrastructures associated with synthetic organelles are prominent,whereas the contractile organelles are reduced.And there are the cyclical changes in ultrastructural characteristics.The ultrastructural features of JZ are the basis of its physiology.

In order to guarantee that digital electrocardiographs with an adequate accuracy and reliabity are available for measurements in clinical practice, it is very important to determine the metrological characteristics, methods and to develop the equipments for verification. This paper elaborates the basic functions, specification, schematic drawing and key techniques of calibration equipments as well as test items for digital electrocardiographs.
Electrocardiography ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment Design ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation

OBJECTIVETo study whether hypoalbuminemia after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery is a risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI).

METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 1 110 children who underwent CPB surgery between 2012 and 2016. According to the minimum serum albumin within 48 hours postoperatively, these patients were divided into hypoalbuminemia group (≤35 g/L) and normal albumin group (>35 g/L). The two groups were compared in terms of perioperative data and the incidence of AKI. Furthermore, the incidence of AKI was compared again after propensity score matching for the unbalanced factors during the perioperative period. The perioperative risk factors for postoperative AKI were analyzed by logistic regression.

RESULTSThe overall incidence rate of postoperative AKI was 13.78% (153/1 110), and the mortality rate was 2.52% (28/1 110). The mortality rate of children with AKI was 13.1% (20/153). The patients with hypoalbuminemia after surgery (≤35 g/L) accounted for 44.50% (494/1 110). Before and after propensity score matching, the hypoalbuminemia group had a significantly higher incidence of AKI than the normal albumin group (P<0.05). The children with AKI had a significantly lower serum albumin level after surgery than those without AKI (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed albumin ≤35 g/L was one of the independent risk factors for postoperative AKI.

CONCLUSIONSAlbumin ≤35 g/L within 48 hours postoperatively is an independent risk factor for postoperative AKI in children after CPB surgery.

Acute Kidney Injury ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Adolescent ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; adverse effects ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Heart Diseases ; surgery ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Perioperative Period ; Postoperative Complications ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Propensity Score ; Retrospective Studies

Animals ; Coxsackievirus Infections ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Female ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Myocarditis ; virology ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Selenium ; pharmacology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Objective To investigated the effect of TangNaiKang (TNK) on VEGF protein expression of GK rats Thoracic aorta. Methods 51 male GK rats were divided into five groups randomly: model group, pioglitazone group, and TNK treatment group (low, immediate and high dose). Another 10 male Wistar rats were served as normal control group. GK rats were fed with high-grease forage, while normal control group was fed with a standard diet. Fasting blood glucose, general HE staining and VEGF protein expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The fasting glucose had a significant decline in TNK treatment groups. HE staining showing TNK can ameliorate intima thickness, reduce hyperplasia of shallow vascular smooth muscle cell, and improve wavy and plexiform arrangement of elastic lamina. Immunohistochemistry also showed that TNK decreased VEGF protein expression of great vessels. Conclusion TangNaiKang can prevent and cure diabetic vascular complication of GK rats.

Objective To observe the prevalence of hyperuricemia(HUA)among obese children,and to ex-plore the association between uric acid(UA)levels and cardiometabolic risk factors,acanthosis nigricans and non - al-cohol fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Methods By using representative sampling method,1 753 obese children aged 6 -17 years old from 18 schools in 3 districts of Beijing(Xicheng,Haidian,Miyun)were selected to participate in the clini-cal examinations,including anthropometric measurements(height,weight)and blood pressure. Serum biochemical pa-rameters were assessed,including fasting plasma glucose(FPG),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high - densi-ty lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL - C),low - density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL - C)and UA. Acanthosis nigricans and B - model ultrasonography of the liver were conducted. Results The prevalence of hypertension,impaired fasting glu-cose,dyslipidemia,acanthosis nigricans,and NAFLD among these 1 753 obese children was 33. 6%(589 cases), 66. 5%(1 156 cases),54. 3%(943 cases),23. 3%(408 cases),and 17. 0%(298 cases),respectively. The preva-lence of HUA was 40. 70%(714 / 1 753 cases),with 50. 17%(581 / 1 158 cases)in boys and 22. 34%(133 / 595 ca-ses)in girls. There was a significant increase in body mass index,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, FPG,TG and LDL - C with the increase of UA,but there was a decrease in HLD - C with the increase of UA(all P ﹤0. 05). In boys,the adjusted odds ratios( OR)and 95% CI of the highest quartile of UA for hypertension,impaired fasting glucose,dyslipidemia,acanthosis nigricans,and NAFLD were 1. 16(0. 77 - 1. 74),1. 34(0. 90 - 1. 99),1. 29 (0. 89 - 1. 87),1. 89(1. 17 - 3. 04),and 1. 71(1. 03 - 2. 84),respectively;in girls,the adjusted OR and 95% CI of the highest quartile of UA for hypertension,impaired fas-ting glucose,dyslipidemia,acanthosis nigricans,and NAFLD was 0. 70(0. 40 - 1. 24),0. 60(0. 40 - 1. 00),1. 69(1. 04 - 2. 70),1. 67(0. 80 - 3. 49),and 1. 33(0. 48 - 3. 66),re-spectively. Conclusions The prevalence of HUA is relatively high in obese children and there is a strong association between UA and some car-diovascular metabolic disorders,acanthosis nigricans and NAFLD.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of intestinal microflora alteration on specific and nonspecific immune function and hematopoietic function of mice.

METHODSSixty BALB/C mice were divided at random into two groups, experimental group and control group, with 30 mice in each. The mice in the experimental group were given kanamycin 50 mg while those in the control group were given distilled water intragastrically everyday for consecutive 10 days. After the 10 day treatment all the mice were sacrificed, and the cecal contents were collected for quantitative analysis of the intestinal bacterial flora. Certain indexes of immune function, including phagocytosis rate of macrophages, number of T lymphocytes positively stained by esterase and serum interleukin 2 (IL-2) content, and the weight of the spleen, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor etc. as indexes of hematopoietic function were determined.

RESULTSIn the group, the quantity of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The number of PFC (plaque forming cells), the phagocytosis rate of macrophage, the number of T lymphocytes with positive NANE staining, the level of IL-2 significantly decreased when compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01). The weight of the spleen in the experimental group decreased when compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01). Levels of IL-3, GM-CSF, the total number of WBC and the proportion of neutrophil remarkably decreased as compared to that in the control group (P < 0.01). Analysis of the correlations between normal microflora, immunologic and hematopoietic indexes showed that marked positive correlations between the quantity of Bifidobacteria and each immune index including the levels of IL-3 and GM-CSF. There was a positive correlation between IL-2 and IL-3, IL-2 and GM-CSF as well.

CONCLUSIONThe application of antibiotics may cause changes in the structure and quantity of intestinal microflora. The dysbacteriosis may decrease the immune function of organism. The dysbacteriosis may decrease the hemopoietic function. The dysbacteriosis, the decrease in immune and hematopoietic function may affect one another. The balance in microecosystem should be emphasized and antibiotics should be applied rationally to reduce the side effects such as dysbacteriosis.

Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Esterases ; biosynthesis ; Feces ; microbiology ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; analysis ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Intestines ; drug effects ; microbiology ; Kanamycin ; pharmacology ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Animal ; Organ Size ; Phagocytosis ; drug effects ; Spleen ; drug effects ; pathology ; T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism

A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and dehydrocorydaline (DHC) in rat plasma. The compounds were simply pretreated by protein precipitation using acetone. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase SB-C18 column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (0. 1% acetic acid) and step gradient elution resulted at a flow rate of 0.80 mL x min(-1). A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used as detector and operated in the positive ion mode. Quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions m/z 356. 2 --> m/z 191.9 and m/z 366. 2 --> m/z 350.2 for THP and DHC respectively. The method showed excellent linearity over the concentration range 1-1 000 ng x mL(-1) of two components (r = 0.994 for THP and r = 0.992 for DHC). The low limits of quantification were both 1 ng x mL(-1). The extract recoveries of analytes were from 71.71% to 91.59% for THP and from 83.27% to 103.15% for DHC. The precisions, the accuracy and the stability of the analytes meet the requirements. The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of THP and DHC after oral administration of the total alkaloid extraction of Rhizoma Corydalis (Yanhusuo). The AUC were (1.90 +/- 0.04), (2.58 +/- 0.08) and (4.34 +/- 0.19) mg x L(-1) h for low, medium and high doses of THP, respectively. While the DHC concentrations in plasma of low dose and medium dose were too lower to be detected, the AUC of high dose was (0.0896 +/- 0.0002) mg x L(-1) h.
Administration, Oral ; Alkaloids ; administration & dosage ; blood ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Berberine Alkaloids ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Corydalis ; chemistry ; Male ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry