Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV)is associated with host immune response.CD4 +T cells play an important role in HBV-specific immune response.The restoration of HBV-specific T-cell response after antiviral therapy using nucleoside and nucleo-tide analogues is also associated with CD4 +T cells.In recent years,two new subsets of CD4 +T cells,namely regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells),have been identified and shown to be related to disease progression and liver damage in patients with persistent HBV infection.Here we primarily summarized the differentiation and function of Tregs and Th17 cells and reviewed the interaction between the two types of cells in persistent infection and their changes after clinical antiviral therapy.We hope it will be helpful to clinical immunotherapy and prognostic assessment.

Objective To explore the relationships between the cystoid type and the sclerous type polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS). Methods We compared the similarities and differences between the two types of PCOS by blood sex hormone measuring,laparoscopy,pathomorphology and so on in 19 patients with cystoid type PCOS,26 with sclerous type PCOS and 10 controlled age-matched non-PCOS women.Results There was no remarkable difference in the sex hormone level between the two groups of PCOS.Compared with the patients with cystoid type PCOS,the patients with sclerous type PCOS had longer course of disease,thicker ovarian tunica albuginea,more collagen,and hyperplasia medulla and stroma.Conclusion The cystoid type PCOS could develop into the sclerous type PCOS when the disease progressed.

The morbidities of nervous system diseases,such as cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease,are increasing with the aging of population.As a theory and methodology,system theory plays an important role in the studies of nervous system diseases.Using the principle of system theory,this paper discusses the research methodology of nervous system diseases based on the latest advances in aetiology,diagnosis and treatment of some nervous system diseases from the integration,hiberarchy and scheduling aspects of a system.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(ADPKD) is one of the most frequent inherited kidney diseases, with the incidence rate being 100-250 per 100,000. Epigenetic gene modulation and protein functions have become a focus of study for ADPKD. Evidence generated to-date indicates that one of the epigenetic modifier, histone deacetylases (HDACs), is an important regulator of ADPKD. HDACs have been involved in regulating Pkd1 gene expression. HDAC5 is the target of fiuid flow-induced calcium signal in kidney epithelial cells HDAC6 is Up-regulated in cystic epithelial calls; they can regulate ciliogenesis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transportation through deacetylating α-tubulin and regulate Wnt Signaling through deacetylating β-catenin. HDAC inhibitors have been found to reduce cyst formation in Pkd1 conditional knockout mice and delay renal function decline n Pkd2 knockout mice, indicating a potential to serve as a new target for ADPKD therapy. This article focuses on the recent progress in research of histone deacetylation in ADPKD.

Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Neoplasm Staging

ve To investigate the effects of selenium and zinc on the absorption, excretion and accumu-lation of fluoride in rats. Methods The contents of fluoride in serum, excrement, urine and bone were determined in Wistar rats drinking distilled water containing 100 mg/L NaF and orally perfused jointly with 0.1 mg/(kg? d) Na2SeO3 and/or 14.8 mg/(kg?d) ZnSO4 one time per two days continuously for 90 days. Results Na2SeO3 and/or ZnSO4 could increase the concentration of fluoride in urine, decrease the concentration of fluoride in serum and the content of fluoride in bone of rats. Exposure to ZnSO4 and joint exposure to Na2SeO3 and ZnSO4 could increase the content of fluoride in excrement. Conclusion ZnSO4 could inhibit the absorption of fluoride in intestine, Na2SeO3 and /or ZnSO4 could promote the excretion of urine fluoride and restrain the accumulation of fluoride in bone of rats.

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between the location,quantity and leukodystrophy of cerebral infarction and vascular cognitive impairment ( VCI ),and to compare the differences of the severity and domains of cognitive impairment among the different types of cerebral infarction,which will provide the pathophysiological evidence to the mechanism for the development of VCI. MethodThe patients suffering from cerebral infarction or leukodystrophy were recruited from either the ward or clinic in Tianjin General Hospital from April 2009 to April 2010,then assessed the cognition,and classified into different groups according to the location,size,quantity,whether or not they have leukodystrophy and the severity.The Logistic regression analysis was taken with whether or not the patients have had developed to the VCI as the dependent variable,and with the location,size,quantity,whether or not they have leukodystrophy and the severity as the independent variables.The differences of the score of NIHSS,Bathel index and the level of cognitive impairment were compared among patients with different types of lesions.Moreover,the difference of the score of MoCA for each cognitive domain were compared among patients with different types of lesions.ResultsThere was a relationship between key position infarction in the subcortex and white leukodystrophy with VCI.The position infarction in the subcortex and white leukodystrophy ( grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ ) might be the independent risk factors for the VCI( OR =1.752,2.135,3.753; 95％ CI 1.533-3.821,1.541-6.787,1.432-6.821,all P ＜0.05).There were significant differences in the domains of excusive ability,attention,calculation,fluent language and orientation.The average scores of the domain of excusive ability in the subcortical group (3.40 ± 1.90) and the mix group (3.83 ± 1.27) were significantly lower than the cortical disease group(4.28 ± 0.89,t =0.050,0.857,both P ＜ 0.05 ).The average scores of the domains of attention,calculation,fluent and orientation in the mix group were significantly lower than the subcortical group and cortical disease group.ConclusionsThere is a significant association of the key infarction in the subcortex and leukodystrophy with VCI.The patients with both the subcortex infarction and leukodystrophy are susceptible to VCI.The development of VCI is depended on the position of infarction instead of the quantity and size of infarction.The development of VCI is not only related to the white matter disease but also related to the severity of the leukodystrophy.The data highlights the need to small vessel disease.The patients with subcortical lesions mainly impair the executive ability.The patients with mix lesions may have more extensive domains and more severe cognitive impairment.

Objective To evaluate the operation and review the clinical effectiveness of arthroscopic tenodesis through double-needles positioning approach to treat proximal lesions of Biceps tendon.Methods From January 2010 to January 2013,55 patients (25 men,30 women) with the mean age of 52.4 (range,37-65) years old who underwent arthroscopic tenodesis through double-needles positioning portal to treat proximal lesions of Biceps tendon were retrospectively analyzed.Shoulder pain of all the patients occurred in pre-operation and aggravated at the time of abduction shoulder joint,which affected the normal life for reasons of weakness.Diagnosis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was proximal lesions of Biceps tendon,which was failed to respond to conservative management of six months.All patients underwent biceps tenodesis under arthroscopy with fixation of two suture anchors through bone,and removed tendon stump finally.All the portals of operation and observation of tendon fixation used double-needles positioning portal.We recorded the general condition of shoulder as the level of pain,sphere of activity,active forward flexion and intensity of adduction in pre-operation,3 months,6 months,12 months and 18 months after operation with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES),shoulder function score of Constant-Murley (Constant) and University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA).Then all data were analyzed statistically.Results All patients were operated successfully and got the mean follow-up of 20 months (range,18-24).The result of MRI showed well healing of tendon without rupture.The shoulder function had basically recovered.In pre-operation,ASES,constant and UCLA scores was 10.22±3.02,35.89±7.25,8.53±2.07 respectively.In 18 months after operation,the scores were 32.07± 1.26,89.75±4.07,31.87±2.07 respectively.The outcomes demonstrated that all scores in 18 months after operation had significantly improved,compared to pre-operation.Conclusion The technique of arthroscopic tenodesis through double-needles positioning approach to treat proximal lesions of Biceps tendon is reliable and simple,and can achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; genetics ; pathology ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; adverse effects ; trends ; Diagnostic Errors ; Female ; Genes, BRCA2 ; physiology ; Humans