Objectives To review the publications of general practice research in China mainland from 1993 to 2012.Methods The literatures on general practice research published in China mainland from 1993 to 2012 were retrieved from the China Journal Full Text Databases , Wanfang Databases and PubMed . The publications were analyzed using the literature management software NoteExpress 2, Excelland SPSS 19.0.Results A total of 16 349 Chinese publications and 266 English publications of general practice research were collected .The amount of publications was gradually increasing during 1993 and 2012 and there was a sharp increase in the Chinese publications from 2008 to 2012 comparing with the previous years.The Chinese publications in China′s core journals accounted for 32.39%(5 295/16 349) of total of publications;and the English publications in SCI journals accounted for 96.62% ( 257/266 ) of total publications.The authors from community health service facilities accounted for 76.01%(12 427/16 349) of Chinese publications; while authors from research institutes and universities accounted for 61.65%(164/266) of the English publications .Results showed that 37.59% ( 6 145/16 349 ) and 37.12%( 6 069/16 349 ) of the Chinese publications were commentaries and descriptive studies , only 9.57%(1 565/16 349) were randomized controlled trials;52.63% (140/266) of the English publications were descriptive studies and 9.02% ( 24/266 ) were randomized controlled trials .60.75% ( 9 932/16 349 ) of the Chinese publications and 75.94% ( 202/266 ) of the English publications were focused on clinical topics.Conclusion Although the number of general practice publications has been increasing during 1993-2012, the quality of publications is still less satisfactory and need to be further improved .

Despite the possible consequences of maternal ingestion of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on future generation, information in limited on how/whether maternal PCB exposure affects testis of the adult male offspring. Therefore, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of intermittent and continuous of lactating rats to low and high doses of Aroclor 1242 (a PCB congener) on volume density of seminiferous tubules and interstitium, testis volume, sperm production/day and the total number of Sertoli cells per testis in adult male offspring. In experiment I, 3 groups of lactating Sprague Dawley rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml of corn oil, low dose (8microgram) and high dose (80microgram) of Aroclor 1242 in corn oil respectively, from parturition to weaning of pups at 21 days. In experiment II, 3 groups of lactating rats received 2 subcutaneous injections per week of 0.1 ml corn oil, low and high doses of Aroclor respectively, as in experiment I. Pups in all groups were weaned at day 21 and were raised on a normal diet until sacrificed at 90 days to evaluate volume density of seminiferous tubules and interstitium, testis volume, sperm production/day and the total number of Sertoli cells per testis. Volume density of seminiferous tubules and interstitium per testis was determined by point counting method. Testis volume and sperm production/day was measured by routine techniques. The total number of Sertoli cells per testis was determined by morphometry(disector method). In experiment I and II, the volume density of seminiferous tubules and interstitium per testis was equal in control and treated testes. In experiment I (continuous exposure), the testis volume was increased by 14.8% (low dose)~16.5% (high dose), and sperm production/day and Sertoli cell numbers were increased 20.4~25%, and 32.6~39.4%, respectively. In experiment II (intermittent exposure), testis volume, sperm production/day and the total number of Sertoli cells per testis were not significantly different (p>0.05) in PCB-exposed rats (both low and high doses) compared to controls. It is clear that continuous exposure, but not intermittent exposure of male rats to Aroclor during the neonatalprepubertal period causes detrimental effects on the testis in adult male offspring. These results emphasize the susceptibility of the developing testis to environmental factors during the crucial neonatal period.
Adult* ; Animals ; Aroclors ; Cell Count* ; Corn Oil ; Diet ; Eating ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Male* ; Mothers* ; Parturition ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Sertoli Cells ; Social Responsibility ; Spermatozoa* ; Testis* ; Weaning

Objective To integrate urine strip chemistry analysis with urine sedimental analysis and set up the criteria for urine microscopy review following automated urine analysis.Methods A total of 1 714 urine samples were collected from Peking Union Medical College Hospital from November 2008 to October 2010.Out of 1 714 samples, 1 300 samples were used for the establishment of review criteria, and 214 samples were used for criteria verification.The other 200 samples from healthy donors were used to set up the normal reference range of fully automated urine sedimental analyzer UF-1000i.RBC,WBC,PRO and CAST in all the samples were measured by Siemens Bayer Clinitek 500 urine strip chemistry analyzer, Sysmex UF-1000i urine sedimental analyzer and microscopic examination.Based on the different laboratory automation in urine analysis, four microscopic review protocols were defined: (1) Protocol 1: based on chemistry results only, microscopy review was performed when any of WBC, RBC and PRO was positive; (2) Protocol 2: based on fully automated sedimental analyzer only,microscopy review was performed when any of WBC, RBC and CAST was over the upper limit of the reference range; (3) Protocol 3: All the results of urine chemistry analyzer and sedimental analyzer were integrated.If two WBC results were different between two systems (in one system WBC was positive or over the upper limit of the reference range but in another system WBC was negative or within the reference range), and any of RBC, PRO/CAST was positive or over the upper limit, microscopic review was performed; (4) Protocol 4: if any of WBC, RBC, PRO/CAST was different between two systems, microscopic review was performed.Review criteria were performed with Sysmex Laboman UriAccess 3.0 software.Results The reference ranges of UF-1000i parameters were RBC 0-7.5/μl (male), 0-15.9/μl (female); WBC 0-11.6/μl (male), 0-12.7/μl (female); Epithelial cell were 0-6.5/μl (male), 0-21.4/μl (female); CAST 0-1.3/μl.The results of microscopic examination revealed that positive samples were 47.46% (617/1 300) and negative samples were 52.54% (683/1 300). Among positive samples, majority showed the presence of RBC (60.13%,371/617), followed by CAST (8.43%,52/617).The false negative rates of four protocols were 8.38% (109/1 300), 4.69% (61/1 300), 0.62% (8/1 300) and 0.54% (7/1 300), respectively.The review rates were 47.85% (622/1 300), 59.38% (772/1 300), 72.85% (947/1 300) and 52.23% (679/1 300), respectively.Although there were false negative cases in protocol 4, all the patients had normal serum creatine level.In those 214 patients for verification, the false negative rate using protocol 4 was zero, the review rates were 53.74% (115/214).Conclusions Protocol 4 shows lest false negative rate and lower review rate.Importantly, there was no patients with serious renal function abnormality missed using protocol 4.Therefore, protocol 4 is an ideal criteria for microscopy review following automated urine analysis.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of icariin on Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions and eosinophils apoptosis in bronchial asthmatic mice.

METHODS48 female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e., the normal control group, the model group, the Dexamethasone group, the low dose icariin group, the middle dose icariin group, and the high dose icariin group, 8 mice in each group. Bronchial asthma in mice were induced by intraperitoneal sensitization and challenged with nebulized ovalbumin (OVA). The mice of each treatment group were administrated with different doses of icariin by peritoneal injection from the first asthma sensitization (the 3rd week after the modeling) to the day before killing once every other day, while mice in the normal control group were administrated with physiological saline. The mice were killed after 6 weeks of treatment. The apoptosis of eosinophils and the Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions of the lung tissues were detected by TUNEL and immunohistochemical assay respectively.

RESULTSAs compared with the model group, the apoptosis ratio of eosinophils were higher in the rest four treatment groups (P<0.05). The Bcl-2 protein positive areas in the lung tissues and the airway wall were significantly lowered (P<0.05). The Bax protein positive area significantly increased (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONIn bronchial asthmatic mice, icariin could enhance the apoptosis of eosinophils and lessen their infiltration by decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 protein and increasing the expression of Bax protein in lung.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Asthma ; metabolism ; Eosinophils ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the association of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)and its encoding gene CPB2 polymorphism with myocardial infarction.Methods CPB2 gene (Thr325Ile)polymorphism were typed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)in patients of myocardial infarction(n=100)and a control group(n=90).The antigen(Ag) and the activity(Act)of TAFI were determined by ELISA and chromogenic assay respectively.The relationship between Thr325Ile gene polymorphism and TAFI Ag and Act were also analyzed.Results In MI group TAFI Ag and Act[TAFI Act(51.4?9.3)?g/ml,TAFI Ag(145.6?33.5)%]were significently higher than those of control group[TAFI Act(25.7?5.6)?g/ml,TAFI Ag(76.5?24.8)%] (t=22.927 2,P

OBJECTIVETo analyze molecular and evolution characteristics of Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from 2000 to 2008, China.

METHODSUsing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method with SpeI restriction enzyme, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method based on housekeeping genes (aroC, thrA, hisD, purE, sucA, dnaN, hemD, adk, and purA), the genomic variations of 118 Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from 10 regions during 2000 to 2008 were analyzed.

RESULTSUsing PFGE method, 118 Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates were clustered into 32 PFGE patterns, and 5 patterns were predominant (5 isolates or above). However, only 2 MLST types were identified for all isolates with MLST method. Among all Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates, the sequences of housekeeping genes were highly conservative and showed a high degree of cloning.

CONCLUSIONFor Chinese epidemic Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates during 2000 - 2008, MLST method showed low discrimination power and the MLST method should not be applied to outbreak and epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella Paratyphi A. Currently, nationwide paratyphoid fever epidemics is caused by highly clonal isolates in China. As the time changes, these isolates also accumulate sporadic mutations.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; methods ; Humans ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Paratyphoid Fever ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Salmonella paratyphi A ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serotyping

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of akatinol memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods Two hundred and forty-one patients with AD were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg of donepezil daily or 20 mg of memantine daily for 24 weeks.The primary efficacy variables were the Clinician' s Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus (CIBIC-Plus),the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognition (ADAS-cog) and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL).The secondary efficacy variables were the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE).Results Two hundred and seven patients completed the study and were evaluated at week 24.Both memantine and donepezil had significant efficacies at the end point, according to the ADAS-cog, the ADL, the NPI and the MMSE.Patients receiving memantine had a similar outcome as those receiving donepezil, according to the results of all the variables changes (CIBIC-Plus: memantine 3.4±0.8vs donepezil 3.5±0.8; ADAS-cog: memantine-4.7±5.8 vs donepezil-4.6±6.5; ADL: memantine -2.4±6.7 vs donepezil-2.2±5.3 ; NP1: memantine-5.8±9.0 vs donepezil-3.1±8.5 ; MMSE:memantine 1.7±3.1 vs donepezil 1.8±2.8, all P >0.05).The adverse events were as following: donepezil group 41.88% and memanintine group 30.58%.Conclusion The memantine as a new drug for AD, has the similar efficacy as donepezil, and it is safe.

Objective:To investigate the prognostic factors of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis.Methods:Clinical characteristics of 135 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients presenting with pulmonary metastasis after treatment in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from 2008 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Thesurvival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis was performed by log-rank test. Multivariate prognostic analysis was conducted by Cox models.Results:The median follow-up time of 135 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was 94.2 months (19.5-258.9 months), and 109 patients died (80.7%). The 1-and 2-year overall survival rates were 47.4% and 25.1%, with the median survival time was 11.1 months (7.3-14.9 months). Univariate prognostic analysis showed that age, number of lung metastases, treatment of lung metastases, lymph node metastasis, distant organ metastasis, and the interval between the first treatment and lung metastasis were the prognostic factors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lung metastasis (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age and number of lung metastases were the independent prognostic factors for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lung metastases (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Age and number of lung metastases are the independent prognostic factors for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lung metastases. Surgery or radiotherapy-based regional therapy can enhance clinical prognosis.

OBJECTIVETo developed a multiplex RT-PCR assay for simultaneous screening of type A, B and novel A (H1N1) influenza viruses.

METHODSTwo pairs of universal primers in were designed for amplifying the M gene and NS gene of type A and B influenza viruses, respectively. A pair of specific primers of HA gene was designed to detect novel A (H1N1) influenza virus. A one-step method was used to establish the multiplex RT-PCR system. A blinded experiment was carried out to validate the accuracy of this assay in comparison with the results of real-time fluorescence RT-PCR. The clinical practicability and efficacy of this assay was also evaluated.

RESULTSThe RT-PCR products were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis, which yielded distinct bands of the target fragments without non-specific reactions, suggesting the high efficiency and specificity of the multiplex RT-PCR. Blinded study of 50 samples demonstrated a concordance rate of 100%.

CONCLUSIONThis multiplex RT-PCR assay allows one-step simultaneous detection of type A, B and novel A (H1N1) influenza viruses rapidly and accurately, and provides a valuable low-cost screening technique for influenza epidemic monitoring and early diagnosis.

Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza B virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Time Factors ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and its encoding gene CPB2 polymorphism in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

METHODSThe CPB2 gene polymorphisms of Thr325Ile and Thr147Ala were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in patients of acute myocardial infarction (n=100), acute angina pectoris (n=110) and a control group (n=190). The antigen (Ag) and activity (Act) of the TAFI were determined by sandwich enzyme link immunosorbent assay specific for human TAFI and chromogenic assay for activated human TAFI in plasma, respectively. The relationship between Thr325Ile and Thr147Ala gene polymorphism and TAFI Ag and Act were also analyzed.

RESULTSPlasma TAFI Act and TAFI Ag in acute myocardial infarction group and acute angina pectoris group (CHD patients group) were both significantly higher than those of the control group. The genotype frequencies of Thr325Ile (C1040T) and Thr147Ala (G505A) were as the following: C1040C (Thr325Thr) 67 (31.9%) and 64 (33.6%); C1040T (Thr325Ile) 109 (51.9%) and 92 (48.4%); T1040T (Ile325Ile) 34 (16.2%) and 34(17.8%); G505G (Ala147 Ala) 75 (35.7%) and 72 (37.8%); G505A(Thr147Ala) 112 (53.3%) and 96 (50.5%); A505A(Thr147Thr)23 (10.9%) and 22 (11.7%), in the CHD patients and control respectively. Chi-square analysis showed no significant difference in the Thr325Ile and Thr147Ala polymorphism distributions (P > 0.05). In addition, at the 325 position, the TAFI antigen of the Thr325Thr was higher than that of the other genotypes (Thr325Ile and Ile325Ile, P < 0.05). There was no statistical significance between the TAFI antigen of the Thr325Ile and Ile325Ile (P > 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the TAFI Act and the Thr325Ile polymorphism. At the position 147, significant correlation between the polymorphism of the Thr147Ala and TAFI Ag and Act was not found.

CONCLUSIONTAFI plays an important role in anti-fibrinolysis. It might be a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction and acute angina pectoris. The Thr325Ile polymorphism had obvious effect on TAFI antigen levels, but the Thr325Ile and Thr147Ala polymorphism had no association with coronary heart disease.

Amino Acid Substitution ; Carboxypeptidase B2 ; blood ; genetics ; Coronary Disease ; genetics ; Female ; Fibrinolysis ; genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide