Objective To study the mechanism of lidocaine injection in the alleviation of pains of propofol injection. Methods 430 patients, who underwent elective gastrointestinal endoscopy under general anesthesia , were randomly assigned into 3 groups: group A received 2 mL NS intravenous injection on the right dorsal hand;group B received 40 mg Lidocaine intravenous injection on the right dorsal hand and group C received 40 mg lidocaine intravenous injection on the left dorsal hand. All groups received 2 mg/kg Propofol intravenous injectionon the right dorsal hand at the rate of 20 mL/min. The injection pains were evaluated while the dosage reached 1/4 of the total (2 mg/kg). The left dosage of Propofol and 50 μg Fentanil were pumped after evaluation. Propofol dosage was added when needed. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR ) were recorded before Propofol injection and 1, 3, 5 minutes after Propofol injection. Results VRS comparisons: Tthe rate of pain incidence of group B was significantly lower than those of group A and C. MAP were declined dramatically at the time points of 1 minute, 3 minutes and 5 minutes after propofol injection, as compared to before propofol injection. The HR was declined dramatically 5 minutes after propofol injection. Conclusion Intravenous Lidocaine of 40 mgcould reduce Propofol-induced injection pain of the same vein. Local effect of Lidocaine but not its systemic function may play an important role in reducing Propofol-induced injection pain.

Objective To evaluate the effect of lipo-alprostadil on lung injury in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.Methods Forty-eight ASA Ⅱ-Ⅳ patients of both sexes,aged 45-64 yr,weighing 45-70 kg,scheduled for elective orthotopic liver transplantation,were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups (n =24 each):control group (group C) and lipo-alprostadil group (group A).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,propofol,fentanyl and vecuronium and maintained with sevoflurane,sufentanil and vecuronium.The patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.Lipo-alprostadil 5 μg in 10 ml of normal saline was infused intravenously and slowly over 30 min before induction of anesthesia and at 1 h of neohepatic phase in group A.Lipoalprostadil was not administrated in group C.Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP),mean inspiratory pressure (Pmean),dynamic lung compliance (Cd),oxygenation index (OI),respiratory index (RI) and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were recorded immediately before operation,at the end of operation,and at 24 h after operation.The occurrence of pulmonary complications was recorded within 7days after operation.Results Compared with group C,PIP,Pmean,RI,and TNF-α and IL-8 concentrations in EBC were significantly decreased,while Cd and OI were increased at the end of operation and 24 h after operation,and the incidence of acute lung injury and pulmonary infection were decreased within 7 days after operation (P ＜0.05),and no significant change in the other indexes was found in group A (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Lipo-alprostadil has protective effect on lung in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.

Objective To evaluate the effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) on apoptosis and gap junction in isolated renal tubular epithelial cells of rats.Methods The renal tubular epithelial cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 1 × 105 cells/ml and randomly divided into 2 groups (n =18 wells each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and H/R group.In group C,the cells were cultured in a regular incubator with 21％ oxygen at 37 ℃.In group H/R,the cells were incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 24 h and then returned to a regular incubator and incubated for 4 h.Hoechst33258 staining method and flow cytometry were used to detect the cell apoptosis.Gap junction function was determined by specific parachute assay.Gap function protein connexin 43(Cx43) expression was measured by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased and gap junction function and Cx43 expression were decreased in group H/R (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion H/R promotes apoptosis in isolated renal tubular epithelial cells through destroying intercellular gap junction in rats.

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol,etomidate and midazolam on gap junction function in rats in vitro and in vivo.Methods Experiment Ⅰ NRK52E cells were seeded in 6-well plates with the density of 1.0 × 105/ml and randomly divided into 4 groups (n =6 wells each):control group (group C),propofol group (group P),etomidate group (group E) and midazolam group (group M).In group C,NRK52E cells were cultured in DMEM-F12 culture medium containing 10％ fetal bovine serum.In P,E and M groups,propofol,etomidate and midazolam (with the final concentrations of 15,8 and 4μmol/L,respectively) were added to the culture medium,respectively,and the cells were then incubated for 1 h.Parachute dye-coupling assay was used to measure the gap junction function in NRK52E cells.Experiment Ⅱ Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 2 months,weighing 220-280 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =6 each):propofol group (group P),etomidate group (group E),midazolam group (group M),and control group (group C).In P,E and M groups,propofol 100 mg/kg,etomidate 6 mg/kg and midazolam 5 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 3 consecutive days,respectively.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C.The animals were sacrificed at 30 min after the last administration and the renal cortex was harvested to measure the gap junction function using tissue scrape and load assay.Results Compared with group C,the gap junction function was significantly decreased in P and E groups (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the gap junction function in group M (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Propofol and etomidate significantly inhibit the gap junction function in NRK52E cells and renal tissues in rats,but midazolam produces no effect.

AIM: To study the changes of serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in patients during liver transplantation. METHODS: Samples were obtained from 30 patients in end liver disease at five time points during liver transplantation. NO level and NOS activity were measured by radioimmunoassay and colorimetry, respectively. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples used for blood gas analysis were taken at the same time. Intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) was calculated according to the standard formula. The hemodynamics parameters including continuous cardic output (CO), HR, MABP, CVP, SVR were measured during liver transplantation. RESULTS: (1) NO_2-/NO_3-level at 10 min before anhepatic period was significantly higher than the baseline level. Compared with NO_2-/NO_3-level at 10 min before anhepatic period, NO_2-/NO_3-level at 30 min after anhepatic period was significantly decreased. NO_2-/NO_3-level at 30 min after neohepatic period was significantly higher than the baseline level and at 30 min after anhepatic period. (2) No significant change of tNOS activity was observed. Compared with the baseline activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the activity at 10 min before anhepatic period and at 30 min after neohepatic period was significantly increased. The activity at 30 min after neohepatic period was significantly higher than that at 30 min after anhepatic period. (3) MABP decreased significantly when opening the inferior vena cava. CO and CVP decreased in the anhepatic stage and increased in the reperfusion stage. SVR increased during anhepatic stage and decreased significantly during neohepatic period. (4) Qs/Qt decreased significantly during anhepatic stage and increased significantly at 30 min after neohepatic period. CONCLUSIONS: Serum level of NO and NOS activity are significantly changed during liver transplantation. High level of NO may result in low systemic vascular resistance and increasing in intrapulmonary shunt.

AIM: To study the changes of serum levels of thromboxane A_2(TXA_2) and prostacyclin(PGI_2) in cirrhosis patients during liver transplantation.METHODS: Samples were obtained from 24 cirrhosis patients in end at five time points during liver transplantation.TXA_2 and PGI_2 level were measured by radioimmunoassay.Arterial and mixed venous blood samples used for blood gas analysis were taken at the same time.Intrapulmonary shunt(Qs/Qt) was calculated according to the standard formula.The hemodynamics parameters including continuous cardiac output index(CI),HR,mean artery blood pressure(MABP),MPAP,CVP,PAWP,SVRI,PVRI were measured during liver transplantation.RESULTS:(1) MABP decreased significantly in the early stage of anhepatic period and neohepatic period.(2) CVP,MPAP and PAWP decreased significantly during anhepatic period.They increased significantly after graft reperfusion and remain the high level.(3) CI declined significantly during anhepatic period and increased at 10 min postreperfusion of new liver.(4) SVRI and PVRI increased during anhepatic period and were higher than baseline level at 15 min after reperfusion.SVRI was lower than baseline level at 30 min after reperfusion.(5) Compared with the baseline level,6-keto-PGF1? and TXB_2 increased significantly.Compared with the level before vascular cross-clamping,6-keto-PGF1? decreased during neohepatic period and it had significant difference in statistics at the end of operation.CONCLUSION: Serum levels of TXA_2 and PGI_2 significantly change during liver transplantation and may affect the system and pulmonary circulation to some extent.

Objective To investigate the changes in systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis and portopulmonary hypertension(PPH)during liver transplantation.Methods Eight patients with liver cirrhosis and PPH(5 male,3 female)aged 50-63 yr weighing 45-80 kg were included in PPH group. Another 8 liver-cirrhotic patients without PPH served as control group.The patients were premedicated with intramuscular phenobarbital 0.1 g and atropine 0.5 mg.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 3-5 mg,fentanyl 0.15-0.2 mg,propefol 1 mg?kg~(-1) and vecuronium 0.1 mg?kg~(-1) and maintained with 0.5%-3% isoflurane inhalation and intermittent Ⅳ boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation.P_(ET)CO_2 was maintained at 30-45 mm Hg.Right subclavian vein was cannulated for fluid and drug administration and blood transfusion.Radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring.Swan-Ganz catheter was placed via right internal jugular vein.BP,CVP,MPAP,PAWP,CI,PVRI and SVRI were monitored and recorded before operation(baseline),during preanhepatic phase,at 3 and 30 min of anhepatic phase and 3,7, 15,60 min of neohepatic phase and at the end of operation.Results(1)The two groups were comparable with respect to fluid balance,the amount of vasoactive drugs used during anhepatic and neohepatic phase,duration of anhepatic phase and operation.(2)MPAP and PVRI were significantly higher before operation in PPH group than in control group.(3)CI,MPAP, PAWP and CVP were siguificanfly decreased during anhepatic phase as compared to the baseline values(before operation)in both groups and then gradually returned to and even exceeded the baseline values during neohepatic phase.(4)During neohepatic phase PVRI in PPH group was significantly increased as compared to the baseline value and was significantly higher than that in control group.Conclusion MPAP and PVRI are significantly increased during neohepatic phase in patients with PPH and need to be treated.

Objective To evaluate the cardiac function of the patients with liver cirrhosis before orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)using Swan-Ganz catheter.Methods Sixty ASAⅡ-Ⅳ patients aged 45-64 yr with liver cirrhosis scheduled for OLT without veno-venous bypass were allocated into 2 groups according to preoperative liver function:compensated group(group C,n=28)and decompensated group(group H,n=32).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 3-5 mg,fentanyl 0.15-0.2 mg,propofol 1 mg/kg and vecuronium 0.1 mg/ks and maintained with 0.5%-3.0% isoflurane,fentanyl 0.05-0.10 mg and vecuronium 4 mg/h.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation,and P_(ET)CO_2 was maintained at 30-45 mm Hg.Radial artery was cannulated and Swan-Ganz catheter was placed via right internal jugular vein for monitoring of mean arterial pressure(MAP),cardiac output(co),cardiac index(CI),right ventricular ejection fraction(RVEF),mean pulmonary arterial pressure(MPAP),pulmonary arterial wedge pressure(PAWP),right atrial pressure(RAP),right ventricular end-diastolic volume(RVEDV),fight ventricular end-systolic volume(RVESV)and stroke volume index(SVI).Right and left ventricular stroke work index(RVSWI,LVSWI)and systolic and pulmonary vascular resistance(SVR,PVR)were calculated.Results CO,CI,SVI,MPAP,PAWP,RVEDV,RVESV,RVSWI and LVSWI were significantly elevated in group H as compared with group C indicating hyper-hemodynamic state.The SVR and PVR were significantly decreased in group H.There was no significant difference in HR,MAP,RAP and RVEF between the two groups.Conclusion The patients with decompensated liver function before OLT are in a hyper-hemodynamic state.More attention should be paid to perioperative myocardial protection.

[Objective]This study was designed to observe the effects of endotoxin(LPS)on the growth activity and gap junction(GJ)of NRK52E cells.[Methods]The NRK52E cells were divided into control group and LPS groups,and the NRK52E cells in LPS groups were treated with LPS 10 ng/mL,50 ng/mL,100 ng/mL,500 ng/mL,and 1 000 ng/mL for 24 h respectively.The NRK52E cells growth activity was measured through MTT method,and the function of gap junction of NRK52E cells was measured through the method of fluoroimmunoassay.The protein expression of connexin 43(Cx43)in control group,LPS 10 ng/mL group,and LPS 100 ng/mL group were also determined by Western blotting.[Results]①Compared with control group and LPS 10 ng/mL group,The NRK52E cells growth activity decreased significantly in LPS 50 ng/mL,100 ng/mL,500 ng/mL,and 1 000 ng/mL groups(P＜0.01).②Compared with control group,the function of GJ decreased significantly in LPS 100 ng/mL,500 ng/mL,and 1 000 ng/mL groups(P＜0.01).③There were negative correlations among the concentration of LPS and NRK52E cells growth activity and GJ function respectively(r=-0.941,-0.872,P＜0.01).④Compared with control group,the protein expression of Cx43 were decreased significantly in LPS 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL groups(P＜0.01).[Conclusions]LPS can inhibit the NRK52E cells growth activity in a dose-depend manner.GJ function is one of the mechanisms.

Objective:To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on reducing urethral stimulation in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery.Methods:From January 2019 to February 2020, 90 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were selected. They were randomly divided into 3 groups: catheterization before induction (group A), catheterization during induction (group B), and catheterization after induction (group C). In group A, patients received general anesthesia after awake catheterization. In group B, intravenous injection of DEX 0.5 μg/kg was pumped for 10 minutes, followed by catheterization and induction. In group C, patients received general anesthesia and then catheterization. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score of urethral stimulation, morphine dosage and the incidence of agitation during resuscitation were recorded. The heart rate and mean arterial pressure of the three groups were compared at the time of entering the room, catheterization, tracheal intubation, entering postanesthesia care unit (PACU), about extubation and 30 minutes after extubation.Results:The fluctuation of blood pressure and heart rate in group B was significantly less than that in group A and group C at the time of extubation and 30 minutes after extubation ( P<0.05). VAS of urethral stimulation in group B [(2.9±0.9)point] was significantly lower than that in group A [(4.4±1.8)point] when catheter was indwelling ( P<0.05). After extubation, VAS in group B [(2.8±1.1)point] was significantly lower than that in group A [(3.2±1.2)point] and C [(5.2±1.8)point] ( P<0.05). The utilization rate of morphine within 24 hours after surgery in group B (10%) was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (40%, 57%), and the incidence of postoperative agitation in group A and B was lower than that in group C within PACU ( P<0.05). The satisfaction of patients in group B (86.7%) was higher than that in group A (70%) and C (46.7%). The satisfaction of PACU personnel in group A (76.7%) and B (80%) was significantly higher than that in group C (43.3%). Conclusions:Sedation with dexmedetomidine during urethral catheterization can reduce urethral stimulation during resuscitation and improve patients' and PACU staffs' satisfaction.