Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution on corneal neovascularization (CNV) induced by alkali burn.Methods A total of 192 specific pathogen free (SPF) degree adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study.One hundred and seventy-two rats were chosen to establish CNV model with alkali burn in the right eyes.Following alkali burn,rats were randomly divided into CNV group,model control group,bromfenac sodium group and fluorometholone group,with 43 rats (43 eyes) in each group.Another 20 rats (40 eyes) served as normal control group.One day after modeling,the model control group,bromfenac sodium group and fluorometholone group received phosphate buffer saline (PBS),bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution and 0.1％ fluorometholone eye drops,respectively.The state of cornea and anterior chamber and the growth of CNV of rats in each group were observed by slit-lamp microscope every day after modeling.At 1,3,7,14,21 and 28 days after modeling,the anterior segment photos of the experimental eyes were captured,and the percent of cornea areas covered by CNV was calculated.At 7,14 and 28 days after modeling,the eye tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining to evaluate the expressions of CD45 and VEGF-A.Real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)were used to detect the expression of COX-2 and VEGF mRNA and protein level.The use and care of the animals complied with the Statement of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology(ARVO).Results Each model group showed corneal edema and opacification 1 day after modeling.The corneal edema was aggravated 7 days after modeling.On the 14th day after modeling,the degree of corneal opacity and edema decreased gradually.On the 28th day after modeling,leucoma was observed in CNV group and model control group,and nebula was observed in bromfenac sodium group and fluorometholone group.At 7,14,21 and 28 days after modeling,the percentages of CNV areas in bromfenac sodium group and fluorometholone group were significantly lower than those in CNV group and model control group (all at P＜0.05).No significant difference was found in the percentage of CNV areas between bromfenac sodium group and fluorometholone group at various time points (all at P＞0.05).On the 7th day after modeling,the thinning of corneal epithelial layer,edema and arrangement disorder of stroma layer were observed,and the expression of VEGF-A was positive in all model groups;a small amount of CD45 positive inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed in CNV group and model control group.On the 14th and 28th day after modeling,CNV was seen in the center of cornea in CNV group and model control group;the epithelial keratosis and reduction of corneal edema were seen in each group,and no inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in each group.On the 7th day after modeling,the expressions of COX-2 and VEGF mRNA in CNV group and model control group were significantly higher than those in normal control group,bromfenac sodium group and fluorometholone group (all at P ＜ 0.05),the expressions of COX-2 and VEGF protein in bromfenac sodium group were significantly lower than those in CNV group (all at P＜0.05).The corneal peroration rate in model control group and bromfenac sodium group was 10％ (1 case in 10 rats).The corneal perforation rate in fluorometholone group was 30％ (3 cases in 10 rats).In each model group,10％ to 30％ rats had hyphema.Conclusions Bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution can inhibit the formation and growth of CNV after alkali burn in rats.This effect may be mediated by regulating COX-2 expression,reducing inflammation and inhibiting VEGF production.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury in China in 2018.Methods:Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to randomly select hospitals capable of treating patients with spinal cord injury from 3 regions，9 provinces and 27 cities in China to retrospectively investigate eligible patients with traumatic spinal cord injury admitted in 2018. National and regional incidence rates were calculated. The data of cause of injury，injury level，severity of injury，segment and type of fracture，complications，death and other data were collected by medical record questionnaire，and analyzed according to geographical region，age and gender.Results:Medical records of 4，134 patients were included in this study，with a male-to-female ratio of 2.99∶1. The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury in China in 2018 was 50.484 / 1 million （95% CI 50.122-50.846）. The highest incidence in the Eastern region was 53.791 / 1 million （95% CI 53.217-54.365）. In the whole country，the main causes of injury were high falls （29.58%），as well as in the Western region （40.68%），while the main causes of injury in the Eastern and Central regions were traffic injuries （31.22%，30.10%）. The main injury level was cervical spinal cord in the whole country （64.49%），and the proportion of cervical spinal cord injury in the Central region was the highest （74.68%），and the proportion of lumbosacral spinal cord injury in the Western region was the highest （32.30%）. The highest proportion of degree of injury was incomplete quadriplegia （55.20%），and the distribution pattern was the same in each region. A total of 65.87% of the patients were complicated with fracture or dislocation，77.95% in the Western region and only 54.77% in the Central region. In the whole country，the head was the main combined injury （37.87%），as well as in the Eastern and Central regions，while the proportion of chest combined injury in the Western region was the highest （38.57%）. A total of 32.90% of the patients were complicated with respiratory complications. There were 23 patients （0.56%） died in hospital，of which 17（73.91%） died of respiratory dysfunction. Conclusions:The Eastern region of China has a high incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Other epidemiological features include high fall as the main cause of injury cervical spinal cord injury as the main injury level，incomplete quadriplegia as the main degree of injury，head as the main combined injury，and respiratory complications as the main complication.

GGGGCC repeat expansions in the C9ORF72 gene are the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (c9ALS/FTD). It has been reported that hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9ORF72 produce five dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins by an unconventional repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. Within the five DPR proteins, poly-PR and poly-GR that contain arginine are more toxic than the other DPRs (poly-GA, poly-GP, and poly-PA). Here, we demonstrated that poly-PR peptides transferred into cells by endocytosis in a clathrin-dependent manner, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death. In SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons, poly-PR activated JUN amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and increased the levels of p53 and Bax. The uptake of poly-PR peptides by cells was significantly inhibited by knockdown of clathrin or by chlorpromazine, an inhibitor that blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by chlorpromazine significantly blocked the transfer of poly-PR peptides into cells, and attenuated poly-PR-induced JNK activation and cell death. Our data revealed that the uptake of poly-PR undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis and blockade of this process prevents the toxic effects of synthetic poly-PR peptides.