0.05),respectively,and the cost-effectiveness ratios of 3 groups were 487.20,453.09,and 581.21,respectively.CONCLUSION:Quetiapine is the optimal one for schizophrenia in pharmacoeconomics.

0.05),but the incidence of adverse effects in ziprasidone group was markedly lower than in perphena-zine group.CONCLUSION: As compared with perphenazine,ziprasidone is more effective and safe with less side effects in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Objective:To establish an algorithm on the turnover ratio of drug inventory. Methods: According to the employed method in the commercial field on calculating the inventory turnover and the requirements in the review of three level hospitals by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, an appropriate method for calculating the turnover rate of drug inventory was de-duced. Meanwhile, a corresponding program was performed for the verification. Results:Only the day turnover could be obtained ac-cording to the algorithms on the inventory turnover in commercial field, and the circumstances of the sales could be replaced by the cur-rent sales to obtain the statistics at any given time, while there was remarkable difference between the calculated results and the actual results of some species. If the time in store was chosen as the statistical index, the problem could be avoided. Conclusion:The meth-od with drug storage time as the statistical index can calculate the inventory turnover ratio at any time precisely, which also can be pro-grammed automatically, and the proportion of available varieties meets the inspection requirements.

How the hosts recognize and clear invading viruses is one of the key issues in molecular immunology. Previous studies uncovered that many early antiviral proteins, such as Type Ⅰ interferons and PKR, are strongly induced upon virus infection. These proteins not only limit virus replication and spread or cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, but also induce consequently expression of cytokines and chemokines to initiate acquired immunity. However, the immediate-early signaling events among host and virus interaction were largely unknown. In the past few years, there are great breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathways were shown to play a crucial regulatory role in antiviral processes. These pathways are essential for the vertebrate immune system to recognize and clear RNA virus with different strategies, which are integral parts of innate immune response and directly affect later-stage acquired immunity. The recent know-how on TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signal transduction pathways and their roles in antiviral immunity were summarized.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation in intervening constipation during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.Method Ninety breast cancer patients undergone chemotherapy were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 45 cases in each group. The control group was intervened by conventional nursing care, while the treatment group was additionally intervened by transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation. The clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups.Result The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group versus 73.3% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).Conclusion Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation can effectively inhibit the incidence of constipation during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

Objective To evaluate the maternal age at delivery in Beijing and the effect of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 14 970 singleton pregnancies from 15 hospitals in Beijing from June 20th to November 30th in 2013.These hospitals were sorted by the numbers of delivery and chosen as clusters by systemic cluster sampling method.The data of age,diagnosis with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia (PE),neonatal birth weight,gestational age at delivery,postpartum hemorrhage and infants admitted to the neonatal ICU (NICU) were collected.The 14 970 women were divided into 5 groups according to their ages at delivery:(1) less than 20 years (n=205),(2)20-＜30 years (n=9 228),(3)30-＜35 years (n=4 365),(4)35-＜40 years (n=1 017),and (5) 40 years and older (n=155).T-test and x2 test were used for between-group comparison,and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between age and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Results (1) The mean maternal age at delivery in 2013 in Beijing was (28±4) years old.Among them,205 (1.4％,205/14 970) delivered under 20 years of age;1 172 (7.8％,1 172/14 970) ≥35 years;and 155 (1.O％,155/14 970) at 40 years and older.(2) The prevalence of diabetes,hypertension,overweight and obesity increased with age,and the incidence of these conditions were 3.4％,4.3％ and 31.4％ in women with advanced age,respectively.(3) Compared with 20-＜30 years group,less than 20 years was associated with significantly lower incidence of GDM [adjust OR (aOR)=0.393,95％ CI:0.222-0.696] and cesarean section rate (aOR=0.549,95％CI:0.391-0.771),and higher incidence of preterm birth (aOR=2.144,95％CI:1.256-3.662).Moreover,30-＜35 years,35-＜40 years and 40 years and older groups all had significantly higher risk of GDM (30-34 years,aOR=1.513,95％CI:1.374-1.666;35-＜40 years,aOR=2.094,95％CI:1.786-2.455;≥40 years,aOR=2.174,95％CI:1.492-3.167),preterm birth (aOR=1.219,95％CI:1.021-1.455;aOR=1.644,95％CI:1.251-2.161;aOR=2.141,95％CI:1.209-3.792),cesarean section (aOR=1.373,95％ CI:1.268-1.486;aOR=2.960,95％ CI:2.550-3.435;aOR=4.332,95％CI:2.920-6.426) and NICU admission rate (aOR=1.236,95％CI:1.059-1.443;aOR=1.337,95％CI:1.018-1.756;aOR=2.389,95％CI:1.385-4.121),when compared to the 20-＜30 years of age group.Higher incidence of PE (aOR=1.292,95％CI:1.007-1.659) and postpartum hemorrhage (aOR=1.224,95％CI:1.048-1.429) were also noted in women of 30-＜35 years,compared to 20-＜30 years group respectively.Conclusion Both advanced maternal age and adolescent pregnancy are associated with increasing risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective:To observe the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblast cells through an in vitro breast cancer cell and osteoblast cell co-culture system. Methods:The metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-435 cells were co-cultured with osteoblast MG63 cells to establish an in vitro microenvironment of bone metastasis of breast cancer. After treated with CGRP(1?108 mol/L),OPG and RANKL mRNA and protein expressions in osteoblast MG63 cells were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results:Expression of RANKL in osteoblast MG63 cells was up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels when osteoblast MG63 cells were co-cultured with breast cancer MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-435 cells,while those of OPG in osteoblast MG63 cells were both down-regulated (P

China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; standards ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; chemically induced ; epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Medicine ; legislation & jurisprudence

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the chronic oral mucosal disease questionnaire (COMDQ).

METHODSUsing translation, back-translation, quality evaluation, cross-cultural adaptation, and pre-assessment, a Chinese version of the COMDQ was drafted. A 26-item instrument which comprised of four domains: pain and functional limitation, medications and side effects, social and emotional aspects, and patient support was designed and tested. This questionnaire was given to patients who visited our clinic. After the patients accomplished the questionnaires, we analyzed the collected data to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale.

RESULTSA total of 130 patients were enrolled in our study. All the COMDQ questionnaires were completely filled out. The Chinese version of the COMDQ showed the following psychometric properties: Cronbach's alpha of 0.914, split-half reliability of 0.809, and correlation of 0.697. Factor analysis of construct validity demonstrated that the 26 items were classified into four domains, and the cumulative proportion was 67.62%. Thus, the scale had certain logical relation between the items in the same domains.

CONCLUSIONThe Chinese version of the COMDQ demonstrate good reliability and validity by rigorous psychometric properties. It can be widely used to test the oral health-related quality of life of patients with oral mucosal diseases.