Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of low vision and blindness in the elder people.Various animal models based on the technology of the genetics are established recently in researches on this disease to investigate its pathogenesis or mechanisms.This article reviews different experimental genetic murine models of AMD used in recent studies.

The therapeutic response of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) differs among individuals.According to the changes of central retinal thickness,intraretinal fluid,subretinal fluid,best corrected visual acuity and other morphological or functional manifestations after treatment,the performance of the treated eyes can be classified as optimal response,poor response and non-response.A variety of factors could account for poor or non-response to anti-VEGF,such as genomic polymorphism and specific genomic risk alleles,lesion characteristics,vitreous and macular structural abnormalities,resistance to anti-VEGF drug,and the role of pericytes and others.The common counter measures include increasing the dosage,shortening the injection interval and replacing with another alternative drug,inhibition of pericytes,relieving vitreomacular anatomical abnormalities.It is still worthy of further exploration that how to assess individual reasons for non-response,so that we can give proper treatment to reduce the excessive use of anti-VEGF drugs and improve the clinical management of ocular neovascularization diseases.

Objective To optimize the extraction process of Ardisia crenata based on the content of total saponins and to provide a basis for the Ardisia crenata study. Methods Based on the results of the single-factor tests and the Box-Behnken central composite experimental design principles, a response surface methodology which has three factors and three levels was designed to optimize the extraction process of Ardisia crenata based on the content of saponins. Results A maximal extraction yield of total saponins reached 2. 29% under the optimal conditions as follows:70% alcohol was used as extraction solvent with the material to liquid ratio of 116, the extraction time was 3 h at 70 ℃. Conclusion The optimized extraction process is accurate, reliable and practically valuable.

Objective To verify the flow field performance of the air dynamic wind tunnel. Methods The performance of the flow field was evaluated by testing the flow speed of sample-point on the sample-transect of the tunnel. Results Among the flow range of the tunnel, the relative deviations of the speeds of each sample-point on the sample-transect were less than 10%. When the flow rate was set, the relative deviations of the sample-transect average speed in different test period were less than 10%. The ratio of average wind velocity of upper reach to down reach of the tunnel was between 0.92 and 1.03. Conclusion The flow field of the air dynamic wind tunnel is even, stable and coincident.

OBJECTIVE To analyse the bacterial culture of aqueous vitreous as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics in intraocular foreign bodies(IOFB).METHODS Bacterial culture of aqueous vitreous as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics were taken at 32 cases(32 eyes) of IOFBs with in 24 hours.And the results were analyzed.RESULTS 21 cases with bacterial culture of aqueous vitreous were found to be positive with bacterial infection.Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently bacteria and identified in 15 cases,which accounted for 71.4% of these 21 cases.All the identified bacteria were sensitive to Ofloxacin,Ciprofloxacin and Cefoperazone,and partly sensitive to Gentamycin and Tobramycin.All of them were resistant to Chlororamphenicol and Rifapine.The occurrence of positive bacterial identification of unmetal foreign bodies were significantly higher than that of metal foreign bodies(?2=4.631,P=0.029).There was no significomt difference between.The location of penetrating eye trauma or lens rupture in the bacterial positive rate identification(?2=2.398,P=0.122;?2=0.327,P=0.568).CONCLUSIONS In patients with IOFB,the major bacteria entering into the eye was Staphylococcus epidermidis.As for prophylactic antibiotics,Quinolones and Cefoperazone can be used as the first line antibiotics.

Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Ventricular Remodeling

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are rare tumors of alimentary tract and originated from the interstitial Cajal cells,with acquired mutation of KIT(CD117).Surgery is the main therapy for resectable tumors,while imatinib,a small-molecule inhibitor of receptor of tyrosine kinase,plays an important role in treating metastatic and recurrent tumors.

Objective To evaluate a noninvasive method which has been applied on human subjects to observe beat to beat activity of the His bundle potential. Methods Recording was performed with very low noise, high gain amplifiers and by analog filtering. 3-brigade amplifiers and 16-bite A/D were connected to a microcomputer by USB. The signal was processed by a combined pattern recognition and digital filtering software. Results The results of surface monitoring were compared with intracardiac method in 30 patients. The results of non-invasive method were consistent with that interventional method. A prominent waveform was observed between the atrial and ventricular complexes (A, H, V waves), and corresponded to His bundle activity in all patients. Conclusion The noninvasive method of beat to beat surface recording of His bundle activity has broad clinical applicability and high utility for the patients with latent A-V block and eletrophysiologic study.

Systematic pharmacological evaluation of material basis for the efficacy of Chinese herbal formula is one of the key issues in Chinese materia medica(CMM),which is in urgent need of solution.However,its scientific connotation is still controversial in academic circles.The material basis for the efficacy of Chinese herbal formula is the total non-endogenous bioactive compound(derived either directly or indirectly from this formula) exerting the therapeutic effects,which is generated by the interaction of the formula with human body and reaches certain concentration in the target organs or tissues.Systematic evaluation of material basis for the efficacy of Chinese herbal formula is the cornerstone of modernization and internationalization of CMM,while the quality control of CMM is its prerequisite.

Innate immunity initially resists the infection of pathogenic microorganism in host immune response.Recent researches confirmed that mitochondria participated in a wide range of innate immune pathways,mainly including contributing to innate immune activation,regulating antiviral signaling pathways and antibacterial immunity.Therefore,further studies on the relationship among mitochondria,hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection and innate immune response might contribute to elucidate the mechanism of chronic HBV infection and explore the mechanism of host immune to clear HBV.Here,mitochondria playing a vital role in regulations of innate immune response,HBV infection tending to chronicity by suppressing innate immune response and chronic HBV infection by regulating the innate immune response through injuring mitochondria,were reviewed.