OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for the control of drug costs in China. METHODS: Present problems on drug were analyzed. The measures and effect of market mechanisms and policy interventions were analyzed referring to foreign experience on the control of drug expenses. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Because drugs are a special kind of commodity, the combination and complementarity between market mechanisms and policy interventions can effectively control drug costs.

Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy as a bridge between theoretical courses and clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, is important. As the main part ofAcupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy, the training course deals with case analysis, inquiry training and simulation, clinical treatment ability training etc, in order to realize seamless docking classroom and clinical.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Smell

Objective To observe the clinical effect of treating refractory ascites by intermittent cycle ascites reinfusion.Methods Having 30 refractory ascites patients of both chronic renal failure and maintenance hemodialysis(MHD),treating them 102 times by intermittent close ascites reinfusion and synchronous hemodialysis,having reinfusion ascites 3000～5000ml each time,checking the change of serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(Bun),and serum albumin before and after hemodialysis(HD) by blood-test,and observing their temperature,weight,belly size,blood pressure,and pulse before and after treatment.Results After treatment,all the patients feel well,have good appetite,and have less swollen belly.The average treatment is 3.2 times.The table shows the patients' weight,belly size,serum albumin,serum creatinie and blood urea nitrogen(Bun) before and after treatment.The difference is obviously distinctive(P

Bone Neoplasms ; Chondrosarcoma ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Cavity ; pathology ; Nasal Septum ; pathology

Catch-up growth,a phenomenon that occurs after a short time growth-inhibiting condition,has been proved to be strongly associated with insulin resistance.But the mechanism of insulin resistance in the process of catch-up growth is not clear.

Objective To assess the accuracy of MRI measurement of hippocampal formation in predicting postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients.Methods Forty-one ASA Ⅱor Ⅲ patients aged≥65 yr undergoing gastrointestinal tract surgery were enrolled in this study.MRI was performed to measure the volume of hippocampal formation before surgery and the results were standardized according to the individual intracranial volume.All patients underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests including sensitive tests on the Wechsler adult memory scale and Wechsler adult intelligence scale,trail making test and the grooved pegboard test.We used the Z score to identify POCD as recommended by Moiler.All patients were then divided into POCD group and non-POCD group according to the results of the neuropsychological tests.The results of the tests were correlated with the volume of hippocampal formation measured by MRI.The value of MPI measurement of hippocampal volume in predicting POCD was analyzed.Results Thirty-six patients completed the whole battery of neuropsychological tests after surgery.Thirteen of the 36 patients were found to have COPD (36%) on the 4th postoperative day.The hippocampal volume was significandy smaller in POCD group (4.75±0.23) than in non-POCD group(5.06±0.31).Hippocampal volume was found to be effective in predicting POCD.The overall accuracy of prediction was 77.8%(28/36 patients) with 92.3% sensitivity (12/13 patients),70.0% specificity (16/23 patients) and 0.623 Youden index.Conclusion The MRI measurement of hippocampal volume is valuable as a predictor of POCD in the elderly.

Aim To investigate the role of T type calcium channel of spinal cord and supraspinal on the pain threthold of the rats following chronic constriction injury(CCI) of the sciatic nerve.Methods Intrathecal and lateral ventricle injection were employed in this study.With Von Frey hair and radiant thermal stimulator,we measured the mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL)of the rats after injected mibefradil.Results The rats of CCI group formed steady mechanical and heat hyperaglsia from the third day after operation to the end of this study.Administered intrathecally mibefradil 50,100,200 ?g can increase the CCI rats MWT and TWL.However,mibefradil administered lateral ventricle can reduce the CCI rats MWT and TWL.Conclusion Blocking T type calcium channel of spinal can inhibit mechanical and heat hyperalgesia of the CCI rats,However,bloking the T type calcium channel of supraspinal can enhance the mechanical and heat hyperalgesia of the CCI rats.

Objective To discuss the CT features of mediastinal teratoma.Methods 35 patients with mediastinal teratoma confirmed by clinical and pathologic data were retrospectively analyzed.Results Most mediastinal teratomas(97.1%) were localized in the middle or upper area of anterior mediastinum.Mediastinal teratoma included cystic teratoma(60.0%) and solid teratoma(40.0%).All kinds of tissues could be found in the tumors.CT features of cystic teratoma(n=21) were the cystic mass with fluid density,most of them(n=19) had the characteristics of "obviouswalled cysts".CT features of solid teratoma(n=14) were the soft-tissue mass with mixed densities.CT features of malignant teratoma(n=5) were that the layer of fatty tissue between the tumor and the surrounding structures disappeared,and that the wall of neighbour vessels were mostly or all surrounded by the tumor.Mediastinal teratoma could cause pleural offusion(n=6) and pericardial offusion(n=12).Conclusion Mediastinal teratomas have obvious CT imaging features.CT has very important value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma.

Objective To investigate the indications, maternal and fetal/neonatal risks and treatments of pregnancy after liver transplantation. Methods The related published literatures were summarized and reviewed.Results Most females can recover a regular menstrual cycle. Hypertension, preeclampsia, bacterial and viral infection resulted from immuno-suppression therapy and increasing rate of caesarian section are the major risks for the mother. Abortion and pre-term delivery, premature rupture of fetal membrane, hypoadrenalism, abnormality, immune deficiency, hepatitis virus B and cytomegalovirus and bacterial infection are the major risks for the fetus/neonate.Conclusion Satisfactory results can be obtained in most pregnancies after liver transplantation. Evaluation before gestation and surveillance during gestation by the related departments are mandatory. A guideline based on large cases is necessary for pregnancy after liver transplantation.