A biosensor is made from a biological sensing element attached to a signal transducer.Biosensors have many outstanding virtues such as portable,simplicity of operator and lowconsumption.Also,biosensors could provide fast,real-time and accurate results.Therefore,biosensors have been implemented for a number of applications in molecular diagnostics.We have summarized the recent progress in the research and application of biosensors in the field of molecular diagnostics for pathogenic micro-organism,drug testing and genetics.

Tuberculosis a disease with the highest death rate by single pathogenic infection can cause serious harm to human health .MicroRNA ( miRNA ) is a classical single-stranded, short RNA molecules ( about 21 to 25 nucleotides ) that plays an important role in cell proliferation , differentiation , senescence and apoptosis by inhibiting the post-transcriptional gene expression or promoting degradation of target gene mRNA . Recent studies have shown that miRNA involved in the regulation of apoptosis , expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines , inflammation-related signaling pathways in tuberculosis infection . Meanwhile, miRNA may be a new biomarker for tuberculosis diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE:To provide a reference for further strengthening the supervision and administration of the management and use of Papaver somniferum. METHODS:The general information,clinical application and toxic reactions of P. somniferum were briefly described by reference to relevant literatures and on the basis of the actual work. According to current laws and regula-tions,the existing problems about the clinical application and management of P. somniferum were revealed,and relevant counter-measures and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:Both toxic and addictive,P. somniferum is the only tra-ditional Chinese herbal medicine covered by narcotic drug management. It is mainly used in clinical practice to relieve cough,diar-rhea and pain,etc. Although relevant laws and regulations have provided the specific requirements for the production,purchase, use and research & development of P. somniferum,slack enforcement of the laws and regulations,irrational use and abuse still ex-ist. It is suggested that State Food and Drug Administration and health administrative departments should constantly improve rele-vant law and regulation system and detailed regulations,strengthen supervision and administration,and strictly enforce relevant laws and regulations at the units engaged in the production,management and use of P. somniferum. Meanwhile,competent authori-ties should strengthen publicity and training.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded noncoding RNAs which are involved in regulating many physiological and pathological processes.The rapid detection of miRNA is of great importance for the function of miRNAs.In comparison with traditional methods,the biosensor has the advantages of simple operation,rapidness,high sensitivity,and real-time detection.Thus,biosensors have been implemented for a number of applications in miRNA detection.

Before and after artificial immunotherapy (desensitization) for midge dermatitis, the authors determined immunologic status of some patients.It was found that their functions of cell-mediated immunity were lowered, manifesting as decreased number of Ts lymphocytes, raised circulating IgG level, decreased total hemolytic complement, and significantly increased immune complex positive rate.At the end of therapy, the number of Ts lymphocytes and total hemolytic complement rose. The authors consider that the lowered function of cell mediated immunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of midge dermatitis.In addition to type Ⅰ and Ⅳ hypersensitivity, type Ⅲ hypersensitivity may also be present because of the increased immune complex positive rate.

Molecular transport controls the efficiency of complex biological network systems such as cellular signaling system and cascade biomedical reaction. However, device fabrication for molecular sensing is often restricted by a low transport effciency and complicated processing. Here, we report a molecular threading dependent transport system using three-dimensional (3D) paper origami enabling the directional transport of biomolecules. We demonstrate that framework nucleic acid based interface engineering allows orthogonal molecular recognition and enzymatic reaction with programmed order on site. We thus develop a single-step electrochemical DNA sensor for quantitative analysis with 1 picomolar sensitivity within 60 min. Our sensor can discriminate a mismatched target at the level of a single base mismatch. Our study shows a great potential toward the development of a biomimetic molecular transport system for point-of-care and precision diagnosis.

Objective To analyze the lipid levels in liver damage.Methods 82 patients with liver damage were divided into the study group(41 patients)and control group(41 patients),the control group patients were given treatment of atorvastatin,while the study group patients were given treatment of Zhibitai,the lipid metabolism of the two groups were compared.Results In the study group,levels of TC (5.16 ±0.8)mmol/L,TG(1.90 ±0.08)mmol/L,LDL(2.03 ±0.11)mmol/L were significantly lower than before treatment TC(5.82 ±1.26)mmol/L (t =4.38, P <0.05),TG(2.16 ±0.85)mmol/L (t =6.37,P <0.05),LDL(3.67 ±0.09)mmol/L (t =6.42).The HDL level (1.39 ±0.26)mmol/L was significantly increased (0.86 ±0.21)mmol/L (t =7.52,P <0.05)after 4 weeks treat-ment(P <0.05).The incidence of adverse events in the study group (7.3%)was significantly lower than the control group (17.1%)(P <0.05).Conclusion Zhibitai is safe and effective with use value in the treatment of liver dys-function.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 71 patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT-TCC), so as to assess the prognosis of patients and search for factors influencing the prognosis of patients. Methods: Totally 71 UUT-TCC patients treated surgically from Feb. 2004 to Jan. 2007 were included in this study. All patients underwent radical nephroureterectomy via retroperitoneoscopic approach or open approach. The patients were followed up once a month after operation. Traditional prognostic factors including age, sex, tumor stage, grade, location, type of surgical treatment and some pathological biomarkers, such as p53, Ki-67, nm23, and C-erB-2, were collected and analyzed with respect to disease-specific survival by Kaplan-Meier method. Predictive factors influencing the disease-specific survival were also analyzed by Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The 1-, 2- or 3-year disease-specific survival rates were 95.8%, 89.3% and 83.5%, respectively. Only tumor stage was found to be a factor for prognosis by multivariate analysis (P<0.001). Conclusion: Tumor stage is an independent predictor of disease-specific survival. Retroperitoneoscopic radical nephroureterectomy achieves similar outcomes to the traditional open surgery on oncology control, with the long-term outcome remains to be further studied.

Objective: To express, purify and identify the protease (PR) of HIV-1 HXB2 subtype in E. coli, so as to screen the HIV-1 Gag CAP2/NC protein phage displayed library with randomized P2/NC protease cleavage sites and establish a phage model for in vitro screening of PR inhibitors. Methods: The primers were designed according to the PR amino acid sequence of HIV-1 HXB2 subtype and the E. coli preferred codon, the additional 5′-nucleotide sequence encoding the eight peptide MGTVS-FNF for autocleave sites was inserted into the upstream of PR sequence. Then the PR107 DNA sequence was cloned into pET-32a vector which was used as expression vector in E. coli. Expression of HIV PR was induced by IPTG in E. coli BL21-DE3 and the expressed PR protein was purified by the Ni-NTA affinity column. The purified PR protein was refolded by diluted with MES buffer and blended into substrate protein CAP2NC to test its cleaving activity and the result was identified by SDS-PAGE. Results: The HIV PR107 DNA fragment with E. coli preferred codon was synthesized and was successfully inserted into the expression vector pET-32a. HIV-1 PR was expressed in E. coli BL21 DE3 after the induction by IPTG with a relative molecular weight of 30 000. The purified PR protein has a concentration of 2.54 mg/ml, and after refolded it could cleave substrate protein CAP2NC and this effect can be blocked by PI agent. Conclusion: PR107 DNA fragment with E. coli preferred codon of HIV-1 HXB2 subtype has been successfully synthesized and the PR protein has been successfully expressed, which can cleave substrate protein CAP2NC.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has achieved a breakthrough in many disciplines. Artificial intelligence has a far-reaching significance in promoting the further development of laboratory medicine. At present, artificial intelligence technology has gradually penetrated into all processes of laboratory work, such as laboratory data processing, laboratory data mining and laboratory quality control. It not only improves efficiency, but also provides important information for clinical diagnosis and treatment supporting information. The functions of laboratory physicians are likely to undergo corresponding transition and adjustment in the future. Therefore, it is a general trend to promote the development and leap of the next generation of laboratory medicine by artificial intelligence, and the future of laboratory medicine will usher in the "artificial intelligence era".