OBJECTIVE:To discuss the health risk links involved in self-medication of Chinese urban residents. METHODS: Based on literature study and the experts consultation, the high risk links of the self-medication were defined according to the process of self-medication behavior and the probability of the health harm involved in the self-medication behavior, and the intervention suggestions were put forward for the health risks. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The health risk links involved in self-medication of Chinese urban residents appear as 6 links include self-diagnostic error, incorrect drug choice, failing to understand or follow drug package inserts in taking drugs, irrational drug use, unaware of the drug contraindication, disregarding the physiological particularity of the special drug users. Carrying out education on self-mediation and behavior management among the residents, and reinforcing the government control are the effective ways to reduce the health risk of self-medication.

OBJECTIVE:To explore consumers’perceptions for pharmaceutical care by community pharmacist when purchas-ing OTC drugs. METHODS:Semi-structured interview was conducted for 100 consumers who were recruited in Xingqing District, Jinfeng District and Xixia District of Yinchuan,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,their expection for pharmaceutical care by com-munity pharmacists was summarized. RESULTS:Totally 100 residents were interriewed,and 97 completed a full interview with ef-fective interview rate of 97%. Consumers still did not clearly on distinguishing the OTC drugs. The majority of consumers chosen OTC drugs were based on experience and brand,a handful of consumers were under the guidance of community pharmacists. Con-sumers were most concerned about the efficacy,adverse reactions and drug quality in using OTC drugs. Most consumers were not satisfied with the pharmaceutical care in purchasing OTC drugs. Nevertheless,due to a lack of medicine knowledge,consumer had a great demand for pharmaceutical care and willingness to accept it. Low professional level of community pharmacist and staff in current community pharmacy and lack of effective communication between pharmacist and consumer were the obstacles of develop-ing pharmaceutical care. CONCLUSIONS:Because of their distrust on competence of community pharmacist,consumers seek less pharmaceutical care of OTC drugs at community pharmacy though they had expectations on pharmaceutical care of OTC drugs by community pharmacist. Consumers’rely on self-choice of drugs make them exposed to more drug risks.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (G-NEC).Methods Clinical data of 52 G-NEC cases were analyzed.Follow-up was conducted by telephone.The survival curves were drawn using Kaplan-Meier method.Univariate analysis was performed by the Log-rank test and multivariate analysis was performed by COX proportional hazards model.Results The median overall survival rate was 19 months (range 6 to61 months),and the overall 1,3,5-year survival rates were 74％,16％ and 5％ respectively.Tumor stage surgery,vascular nerve involvement and Ⅲ and Ⅳ phase chemotherapy were related to prognosis (x2 =24.254,10.005,7.261,8.790,all P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed tumor stage and vascular nerve involvement were independent prognostic factors (x2 =17.170,5.810,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion G-NEC is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis.Preoperative diagnosis rate is low.Surgery is the treatment of first choice.Definite diagnosis depends on postoperative pathology and immunohistochemical examination.

Objective To investigate the changes of plasma free carnitine (FC) concentrations in preterm infants supplemented with L-carnitine, and to provide a reference for routine preterm infants L-carnitine supplements. Methods A total of 99 preterm infants supplemented with 10 mg/(kg·d) L-carnitine on days 2 and 5 after birth, and 65 full term infants from Department of Neonatology, the Fifth People′s Hospital of Dongguan during July 2014 to December 2015 were recruited in this study , and filter-paper blood spots were collected by heel prick on days 1, 3 and 7. FC was measured using electron spray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Results Concentrations of FC decreased steadily from day 1 to day 7 in full term infants , while it remained the same level during the first week after birth as at birth. Additionally, concentrations of FC were significantly higher in preterm infants than full term infants on day 1 after birth. Conclusions The reasonable L-carnitine supplements may keep the levels of plasma FC at the levels at birth , which is important for fatty acid metabolism in preterm infants.

AlM: To investigate the refractive status of the preschool children in Xiantao, Hubei Province in order to find out the abnormal refraction error beyond the physiological range.
METHODS: ln this cross - sectional study, we investigated preschool children in kindergartens and the scattered ones were 12 716 ( 25 432 eyes ) ranging from 6mo ~ 6 years old. 1 581 children ( 3 162 eyes ) were diagnosed ametropia by Suresight refractive screening instrument, which were confirmed again after mydriasis optometry.
RESULTS: The incidence rate of ametropia in preschool children in Xiantao was 12. 4%, and statistics showed no significant difference between boys and girls (P>0. 05), but had differences of morbility rate among each age group (P<0. 05). With age increasing morbility rate of the refractive error decreased. The simple hyperopia and the compound hyperopia astigmatism were dominant in all refraction error. Professional ophthalmologists diagnosed amblyopia in 261 children (522 eyes), which was 16. 5%, among 1581 abnormal refractive children (3 162 eyes) screened out by Suresight refractive screening instrument.
CONCLUSlON: The incidence rate of ametropia decreases with age increasing in the preschool children from 6mo~6 years old, which imply preschool children should have mydriasis optometry in order to find out amblyopia and other congenital eye disease.

Objective To evaluate prognostic factors for early bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy with non small cell lung cancer,and establish a validated clinical model to estimate the risk of early-BPF.Methods We reviewed the medical records of 429 patients who underwent pneumonectomy for NSCLC at our institution.We used univariate and multivariate analysis to identify potential independent risk factors for early-BPF after pneumonectomy for NSCLC.A model to estimate risk of early-BPF was developed by combining independent risk factors.Results The rate of early-BPF after pneumonectomy for NSCLC was 6.5％ (28/429).Three factors were independently associated with early-BPF:neoadjuvant therapy (HR:2.406),bleeding (HR:2.171)and diabetes (HR:1.144).A scoring system for early-BPF was developed by assigning 2 points for each major risk factor (neoadjuvant therapy and bleeding) and 1 point for each minor risk factor(diabetes).Scores were grouped as low (0-1),intermediate (2-3),and high (3),yielding the rate of early-BPF was 14％,27％,and 43％,respectively.Conclusion This clinical model is established on the basis of independent risk factors.This model can be used as a predictive tool for early-BPF after pneumonectomy for NSCLC.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods From December 1956 to August 2012,the clinicopathological features of RCC were studied in 705 cases and related literatures were reviewed.Results The diameter of RCC ranged from 0.6 to 18.0 cm,which the average size was 4.6 cm.The proportions of the clear cell,papillary,multilocular clear cell,chromophobe and unclassified histologic subtype were 88.9％ (627/705),4.1％ (29/705),3.3％ (23/705),1.3％ (9/705) and 2.4％ (17/705),respectively.According to the Fuhrman grading system,the proportions of grade 1,2,3,4 were 19.0％ (116/612),58.3％ (357/612),18.1％ (111/612)and 4.6％ (28/612),respectively.The rates of invasion into the renal pelvis,perirenal fat and vascular were 10.9％ (66/603),10.6％ (64/603) and 4.8％ (29/603),respectively.Of 705 cases,464 (76.6％)cases were in T1,65 (10.7％) cases in T2,73 (12.0％) cases in T3,and 4 (0.7％) cases in T4.As to the lymph node and distant metastasis,the rate was 2.8％ (17/606) and 3.5％ (21/606).The percentages of stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ RCC were 74.3％ (450/606),9.9％ (60/606),11.7％ (71/606) and 4.1％(25/606),respectively.The 3-,5-,10-and 15-year disease-specific survival rate for RCC was 92.8％,86.9％,76.8％ and 55.5％,respectively.To those patients with clear cell RCC,the disease-specific survival at the same time point was 92.8％,88.1％,77.4％ and 55.4％,respectively.Multivariate analysis showed that the stage was the only independent prognostic factor for RCC.Conclusions Tumor stage of RCC is the independent prognostic factor for disease-specific survival.The evaluation of renal sinus invasion and lymph node should be noted in the diagnosis of RCC.

Objective To evaluate the value of three-dimensional power Doppler imaging(3D-PDI) in the discrimination between benign and malignant endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Methods Eighty-four women with post menopausal bleeding who examined by 3D-PDI were enrolled. All patients scheduled for pathological examination were divided into benign group (30 cases with endometrial polyps and 34 cases with hyperplasia) and malignant group (20 cases with endometrial carcinoma). Endometrial volume, vascularity index ( VI) , flow index ( FI) and vascularity flow index ( VFI) were measured. The diagnostic value of parameters derived from 3D-PDI was evaluated by using the receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curve. Results Differences of these parameters (VI, FI and VFI) were considered statistically significant between two groups, the parameters of endometrial volume had no significant differences between two groups; the area under ROC curve(AUC) of the meaningful data were 0.976,0.888 and 0.894 respectively. Among these parameters, VI had the highest diagnostic value for discriminating between benign and malignant endometrium, the cut-off value of which was 2. 97 with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 86%. Conclusions 3D-PDI is a good diagnostic tools in the discriminations between benign and malignant endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding.

Currently, the basic network resource of the entire traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry is fragmented. Issues of data unify are not easily resolved. It seems that there is no new breakthrough in key technologies, especially on the problem of data sharing and resources' integration. In this context, a method of medical information data sharing is advocated to solve the problem. We use the RESTful style to define resources of the pharmaceutical industry, which is based on the UDDI Web services standards. The objective of this paper is to create a method of TCM resource URL defined and exchanged. Finally, this paper provided an easy way for TCM data network sharing.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dezocine versus sufentanil for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA).Methods PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,ISI Web of knowledge,Chinese Biomedical Database,Chinese Science-Technology Journal Database,China Journal Full-text Database and Wanfang Database were searched for randomized controlled trials involving the efficacy and safety of dezocine and sufentanil for PCEA from the date of database establishment up to April 2014.Randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria were included,and the data were extracted.The quality of the trials was evaluated according to Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0 criteria.Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.1 software.Results Seven studies involving 760 patients were included in this meta-analysis.The results of meta-analyses showed that there was no significant difference between dezocine group and sufentanil group in VAS scores at 4,8,12,16,24 and 48 h after surgery and in Ramsay sedation scores at 4,12,24 and 48 h after surgery,and the incidence of adverse reactions (postoperative nausea and vomiting,pruritus,urinary retention and somnolence) was significantly lower in dezocine group than in sufentanil group,and there was no significant difference in the incidence of respiratory depression and dizziness between dezocine group and sufentanil group.Conclusion Dezocine provides better efficacy and safety for postoperative PCEA than sufentanil.