No abstract available.
Chemoprevention ; Tuberculosis

No abstract available.
Chemoprevention* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Head*

Metformin is a first-line anti-diabetic drug that has been widely used in patients with type 2 diabetes. Many population-based epidemiologic studies have shown that metformin treatment is associated with decreased risk for various cancers. Recent epidemiologic studies showed that the use of metformin was associated with a reduction in gastric cancer risk, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes who used metformin for long periods of time (>2~3 years). Currently, there are no registered clinical trials investigating the anti-cancer effect of metformin in gastric cancer; hence, further well-designed clinical trials are required. Herein, we review the literature regarding the use of metformin for the prevention of gastric cancer.
Chemoprevention* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Metformin* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

One of the best approaches against cancer is prevention. Inactivation of the p53 or p16INK4a genes has been extensively reported in most human cancer cells. Both p53 and p16INK4a function as tumor suppressors. Therefore, functional restoration of these molecules is considered to be one of the most useful methods for cancer prevention and therapy. We have proposed a concept termed ‘gene-regulating chemoprevention and chemotherapy’ regarding the above pathway. This concept assumes that transcriptional regulation by drugs on tumor-suppressor genes, downstream target genes or functionally similar genes (for example, family genes) of the tumor-suppressor genes would contribute to the prevention of human malignancies. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to be potent inducers of growth arrest, differentiation and apoptotic cell death. Previously, we demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors, such as sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), transcriptionally induce the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1, a downstream target gene of p53, in a p53-independent manner. Furthermore, we have recently shown that HDAC inhibitors activate Gadd45, another downstream target gene of p53, and p19INK4d, a gene functionally similar to p16INK4a. Our results, taken together with previous findings, suggest that HDAC inhibitors may be one of the most attractive and promising agents for ‘gene-regulating chemoprevention’ and ‘molecular-targeting prevention’ of cancer.
Prevention ; Malignant Neoplasms ; Chemoprevention ; inhibitors ; Genes

No abstract available.
*Chemoprevention ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*prevention & control ; *Diet ; Humans

Background: Administration of chemotherapy to prevent postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was first implemented in the 1960’s. However, its use has remained controversial. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the effect of chemoprophylaxis in preventing progression of hydatidiform mole to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia among patients managed in a tertiary hospital in Davao City from 2011 to 2015. Materials & Method: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated 123 cases of hydatidiform mole who were managed at a tertiary hospital in Davao City from the years 2011 to 2015. The patients’ charts were retrieved to get the clinicodemographic profile, progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, and occurrence of adverse effects secondary to chemoprophylaxis. Patients with rising or plateauing beta human chorionic gonadotropin titer were identified within the 3-year period from molar evacuation. Collected data were analyzed using frequency and percentage distribution. Results: The mean age of the patients was 30.5 years, 24% of whom were noted in women more than 40 years of age. The average age of gestation on admission was 14.89 weeks. All patients had a histopathologic diagnosis of complete mole and at least one risk factor for developing postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Patients did not experience any significant side effect to chemoprophylaxis. None of the patients developed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia within the 3-year period of monitoring. Conclusion The administration of chemoprophylaxis to patients diagnosed with hydatidiform mole may be effective against the development of postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease ; Hydatidiform Mole ; Neoplasms ; Chemoprevention

No abstract available.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis

Breast cancer is the primary cause of cancer death in women. Although current therapies have shown some promise against breast cancer, there is still no effective cure for the majority of patients in the advanced stages of breast cancer. Development of effective agents to slow, reduce, or reverse the incidence of breast cancer in high-risk women is necessary. Chemoprevention of breast cancer by natural products is advantageous, as these compounds have few side effects and low toxicity compared to synthetic compounds. In the present review, we summarize natural products which exert chemopreventive activities against breast cancer, such as curcumin, sauchinone, lycopene, denbinobin, genipin, capsaicin, and ursolic acid. This review examines the current knowledge about natural compounds and their mechanisms that underlie breast cancer chemopreventive activity both in vitro and in vivo. The present review may provide information on the use of these compounds for the prevention of breast cancer.
Biological Products* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Capsaicin ; Chemoprevention* ; Curcumin ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence

Selenium is an essential microelement in animals including human. Selenium plays an important role in cellular functions such as deoxygenation and detoxification. Also, it can be used in treatment of cardiac disease, hepatic disease, AIDS and various cancers. Recent meta-analysis showed that high selenium exposure was associated with decreased risk of several cancers. Selenium has an effect on anticarcinogesis through several mechanisms, which are regulation of cell cycles, apoptosis, DNA damage and repair, inhibition of cellular adhesion and migration, anti-angiogenesis and immune modulation. Even though many laboratory studies have provided convincing evidence of these mechanisms, results from epidemiologic and clinical studies of selenium does not coincide with each other. Well-designed trials considering dosage and chemical form of selenium supplement as well as confounding factors and long-term follow-up of them would be needed to use selenium in chemoprevention and therapy of cancers.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Cycle ; Chemoprevention ; DNA Damage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Selenium*

Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Because the gastric cancer-related mortality rate is expected to increase, chemo-preventive strategies for gastric cancer are required. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the enzyme involved in the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. Several studies have shown that statins have potential protective effects against gastric cancer; however, other studies have reported contradictory results. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the role of statins in the chemoprevention of gastric cancer.
Chemoprevention* ; Cholesterol ; Coenzyme A ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors* ; Mortality ; Oxidoreductases ; Stomach Neoplasms*