As a common disease worldwide, alcoholic liver injury is caused by long-term or excessive intake of alcohol and triggers cell death due to alcohol metabolism and reactive oxygen species(ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity. Wangshi Baochi(WSBC) Pills have been widely adopted in clinical practice for evacuating stasis, resolving turbidity, clearing heat, tranquilizing mind, invigorating sto-mach, promoting digestion, purging fire and removing toxin. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of WSBC Pills in dispelling the effect of alcohol and protecting against acute alcoholic liver/stomach injury in mice, and preliminarily investigate its possible mole-cular mechanism. The results found that the preventive treatment with WSBC Pills contributed to elevating the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and its expression in liver and shortening the time required for sobering up of mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. The staining of liver pathological sections as well as the detection of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and liver ROS levels revealed that WSBC Pills protected the liver by reducing serum AST and ALT. It suppressed oxidative stress-induced liver injury by lowering liver ROS and elevating superoxide dismutase(SOD), and the liver-protecting effect was superior to that of silibinin. Western blot assay confirmed that WSBC Pills inhibited the oxidative stress by up-regulating SOD1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO-1). In addition, WSBC Pills lowered the ROS level to protect against the acute alcoholic stomach injury in mice. The findings have suggested that WSBC Pills alleviated the acute alcoholic liver/stomach injury in mice by increasing ADH and resisting oxidative stress.
Animals ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Ethanol ; Liver/metabolism* ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; Mice ; Oxidative Stress ; Stomach

OBJECTIVE: Recent investigations have demonstrated that Polygonum perfoliatum L. can protect against chemical liver injury, but the mechanism behind its efficacy is still unclear. Therefore, we studied the pharmacological mechanism at work in P. perfoliatum protection against chemical liver injury. METHODS: To evaluate the activity of P. perfoliatum against chemical liver injury, levels of alanine transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured, alongside histological assessments of the liver, heart and kidney tissue. A nontargeted lipidomics strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry method was used to obtain the lipid profiles of mice with chemical liver injury and following treatment with P. perfoliatum; these profiles were used to understand the possible mechanisms behind P. perfoliatum's protective activity. RESULTS: Lipidomic studies indicated that P. perfoliatum protected against chemical liver injury, and the results were consistent between histological and physiological analyses. By comparing the profiles of liver lipids in model and control mice, we found that the levels of 89 lipids were significantly changed. In animals receiving P. perfoliatum treatment, the levels of 8 lipids were significantly improved, relative to the model animals. The results showed that P. perfoliatum extract could effectively reverse the chemical liver injury and significantly improve the abnormal liver lipid metabolism of mice with chemical liver injury, especially glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Regulation of enzyme activity related to the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway may be involved in the mechanism of P. perfoliatum's protection against liver injury. Please cite this article as: Peng L, Chen HG, Zhou X. Lipidomic investigation of the protective effects of Polygonum perfoliatum against chemical liver injury in mice. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(3): 289-301.
Animals ; Mice ; Polygonum/chemistry* ; Lipidomics ; Liver ; Lipids/pharmacology* ; Glycerophospholipids/pharmacology* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism*

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation that has received extensive attention in recent years. A growing body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis contributes to the progression of drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in the process of drug-induced liver injury deserve further extensive and in-depth exploration, which will aid in the discovery of novel biomarkers as well as the identification of potential approches of targeting ferroptosis to intervene in drug-induced liver injury.
Humans ; Biomarkers/metabolism* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Ferroptosis ; Iron/metabolism* ; Lipid Peroxidation/physiology*

The aim of this paper was to screen out relevant genes of geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity based on genomics,in order to provide a scientific basis for the non-clinical evaluation of drugs containing Gardeniae Fructus and geniposide. Fifty-five SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,24 h group and 72 h group. The changes of appearance,behavior and weight of rats were observed after administration by gavage for 3 days. The activities of ALT and AST were detected. Molecular mechanism of geniposideinduced hepatotoxicity was investigated by Affymetrix miRNA 4. 0 and Affymetrix Rat Gene 2. 0 to examine the gene expression levels in Sprague-Dawley rat livers at 24 h and 72 h after administration of overdose-geniposide( 300 mg·kg-1 daily),and then verified by Realtime quantitative PCR. Compared with the normal control group,the activities of ALT and AST were markedly increased. In addition,experimental results indicated that 324 genes were differentially expressed,among which 259 were up-regulated and 65 down-regulated.Nine candidate genes were verified by qRT-PCR,including Bcl2,Il1 b,Tpm3,MMP2,Col1α1,Ifit1,Aldob,Nr0 b2,Cyp2 c23. And Bcl2,Col1α1,Aldob,Nr0 b2 and Cyp2 c23 were found to be correlated with geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity. This study provides an important clue for mechanism of geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity.
Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Genomics ; Iridoids/toxicity* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To evaluate the hepatotoxicity risks of physcion on the basis of the bilirubin metabolism mediated by glucuronidation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1(UGT1A1 enzyme). The monomers were added into the rat liver microsomes to test the hepatotoxicity by using bilirubin as UGT1A1 enzyme substrate, with apparent inhibition constant K_i as the evaluation index. Liver microsome incubation in vitro was adopted to initiate phase Ⅱ metabolic reaction and investigate the inhibitory effect of physcion. Then the phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ metabolic reactions were initiated to investigate the comprehensive inhibition of metabolites and prototype components. The results showed that when only the phase Ⅱ reaction was initiated, physcion directly acted on the UGT1A1 enzyme in a prototype form, exhibited weak inhibition and the inhibition type was mixed inhibition; When the phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ reactions were initiated simultaneously, the inhibitory effects of physcion on UGT1A1 enzyme became strong and the inhibition type was mixed inhibition, suggesting that physcion had phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ metabolic processes, and the metabolites had strong inhibitory effect on UGT1A1 enzyme. This experiment preliminarily proved that the metabolites of physcion may be the main components to induce hepatotoxicity.
Animals ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Emodin ; analogs & derivatives ; toxicity ; Glucuronosyltransferase ; metabolism ; Kinetics ; Microsomes, Liver ; drug effects ; Rats

Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most common antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, but its overdose often leads to acute liver injury, even acute liver failure, and death in some severe cases. At present, there is still a lack of specific treatments. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal pathway is one of the potential therapeutic targets identified in recent years in overdose APAP-induced acute liver injury. This article reviews the JNK signaling pathway of APAP in liver metabolism, the activation of JNK signaling pathway and the amplification of oxidative stress, other pathways or cellular processes related to JNK signaling pathway, and the possible challenges of drugs targeting JNK, so as to provide direction and feasibility analysis for further research and clinical application of JNK signaling pathway targets in APAP hepatotoxicity, and to provide reference for searching for other targets.
Animals ; Mice ; Acetaminophen/adverse effects* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/metabolism* ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Liver ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Signal Transduction

Excess acetaminophen(APAP) can be converted by the cytochrome P450 system to the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine(NAPQI), which consumes glutathione(GSH). When GSH is depleted, NAPQI covalently binds with proteins, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress and thereby leading to hepatotoxicity. Schisandrin C(SinC) is a dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative isolated from Schisandra chinensis. Although there is some evidence showing that SinC has hepatoprotective activity, its protective effect and mechanism on APAP-induced liver injury remain unclear. In this paper, an acute liver injury mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of APAP at a dose of 400 mg·kg~(-1) to evaluate the effect of SinC administration on the APAP-induced liver injury and its mechanism through an animal experiment. At the same time, a potential candidate drug was provi-ded for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prevention and treatment of overdose APAP-induced liver injury. In the APAP-induced liver injury mouse model, we found that SinC can relieve hepatic histopathological lesions and significantly reduce the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP). It was also capable of increasing the content of GSH and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and decreasing the levels of total bilirubin(TBIL), direct bilirubin(DBIL), malondialdehyde(MDA), interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). Further analysis showed that SinC decreased the content of CYP2 E1 in liver tissues at protein and mRNA levels and increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) and the expression of its downstream targets(including HO-1, NQO1 and GCLC). Taken together, the above results indicate that SinC can alleviate APAP-induced liver injury by reducing the expression of CYP2 E1, suppressing apoptosis, improving inflammatory response and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress.
Mice ; Animals ; Acetaminophen/toxicity* ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/pathology* ; Liver ; Signal Transduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Bilirubin/metabolism*

This study explored the protective effect of atractylenolide Ⅰ(AO-Ⅰ) against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced acute liver injury(ALI) in mice and its underlying mechanism. C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into a control group, an APAP group(500 mg·kg~(-1)), a low-dose combination group(500 mg·kg~(-1) APAP + 60 mg·kg~(-1) AO-Ⅰ), and a high-dose combination group(500 mg·kg~(-1) APAP + 120 mg·kg~(-1) AO-Ⅰ). ALI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of APAP(500 mg·kg~(-1)). AO-Ⅰ by intragastric administration was performed 2 hours before APAP treatment, and the control group received the same dose of solvent by intragastric administration or intraperitoneal injection. The protective effect of AO-Ⅰ against APAP-induced ALI was evaluated by detecting alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) levels in the plasma and H&E staining in liver tissues of mice. The malondialdehyde(MDA) and glutathione(GSH) content and catalase(CAT) activity in mouse liver tissues were detected to evaluate the effect of AO-Ⅰ on APAP-induced oxidative stress in the liver. The proteins in the liver p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK), c-jun N-terminal kinase(JNK), and nuclear factor kappa-B p65(NF-κB p65) signaling pathways were measured by Western blot, and the liver inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) were detected by real-time PCR. Compared with the APAP group, the combination groups showed reduced APAP-induced ALT level and liver MDA content, potentiated liver CAT activity, and elevated GSH content. Mechanistically, AO-Ⅰ treatment significantly inhibited APAP-up-regulated MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB p65, and significantly reduced the transcriptional activities of IL-1β and IL-6, downstream targets of NF-κB p65. AO-Ⅰ can improve APAP-induced ALI and the underlying mechanism is related to the inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in APAP-challenged mice.
Acetaminophen/adverse effects* ; Animals ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/drug therapy* ; Lactones ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Sesquiterpenes ; Signal Transduction

Acetaminophen, also known as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), is commonly used as an antipyretic and analgesic agent. APAP overdose can induce hepatic toxicity, known as acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI). However, therapeutic doses of APAP can also induce AILI in patients with excessive alcohol intake or who are fasting. Hence, there is a need to understand the potential pathological mechanisms underlying AILI. In this review, we summarize three main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AILI: hepatocyte necrosis, sterile inflammation, and hepatocyte regeneration. The relevant factors are elucidated and discussed. For instance, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) protein adducts trigger mitochondrial oxidative/nitrosative stress during hepatocyte necrosis, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released to elicit sterile inflammation, and certain growth factors contribute to liver regeneration. Finally, we describe the current potential treatment options for AILI patients and promising novel strategies available to researchers and pharmacists. This review provides a clearer understanding of AILI-related mechanisms to guide drug screening and selection for the clinical treatment of AILI patients in the future.
Acetaminophen/toxicity* ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/toxicity* ; Animals ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/pathology* ; Humans ; Inflammation/metabolism* ; Liver/pathology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Necrosis/pathology*

The bilirubin metabolism mediated by the phase Ⅱ metabolizing enzyme UGT1A1 in the liver was evaluated to study the potential hepatotoxicity risk based on investigation on the inhibitory effect of rhein and its metabolites on the UGT1A1 enzyme in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. Firstly, in vitro liver microsomes incubation was used to initiate the phase Ⅱ metabolic reaction to investigate the inhibitory effect of rheinon UGT1A1 enzyme. Secondly, the phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ metabolic reactions were initiated to investigate the hepatotoxicity risk of rhein metabolites. It was found that the rhein and its phase Ⅱ metabolites had no significant inhibitory effect on UGT1A1 enzyme, but its phase Ⅰ metabolites significantly reduced UGT1A1 enzyme activity. Based on the metabolites analysis, it is speculated that the rhein phase Ⅰ metabolite rheinhydroxylate and its tautomers have certain hepatotoxicity risks, while the toxicity risk induced by the prototype and phase Ⅱ metabolites of rheinglucoside, rheinglucuronic acid and rhein sulfate is small.
Anthraquinones/toxicity* ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/toxicity* ; Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism* ; Humans ; Liver/enzymology* ; Microsomes, Liver/drug effects* ; Rhizome