The authors analyzed 1867 donor eyes which were obtained from Central Eye Bank at St Mary's Hospital from Jan. 1977 to Aug. 1990. 1. 658 donors(68.7%) were female and 539(56.4%) were above 60 years of age. 2. The most common cause of death was circulatory disease(29.4%), followed by respiratory disease(20.4%) and tumor(13.7%) 3. In death to enucleation time, sixty-eight percent were below 6 hours and twelve percent were between 6 and 12 hours. 4. The most common source of donation was KOT DONG NAE(57.8%), followed by a charity institute(35.4%) and register(4.7%). 5. 982 eyes were used for research; of those, 520 eyes (52.9%) were used for research because of the cause of death.
Cause of Death ; Charities ; Eye Banks* ; Female ; Humans ; Tissue Donors*

Charities ; Cleft Lip ; Cleft Palate ; Humans ; Program Development

Terson's syndrome has been implicated by previous studies as a strong predictor of poor outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. There was even a recommendation to place patients with the syndrome in the next less favorable category. Hence this study was designed to provide a general profile of patients with Terson's syndrome and investigate whether the syndrome correlates with poor outcome. This study was done using a prospective cohort of patients seen at the Philippine General Hospital pay and charity wards from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000 diagnosed to have aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Detailed ophthalmological examination was done and data were collected using a standard database. Patients were then followed up at 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months to determine outcome (using Glasgow Outcome Score). Data collected were subjected to univariate analysis using chi square and/or Fisher test to determine significant correlation of variables with Terson's syndrome and to determine significance of Terson's syndrome as a predictor of poor outcome. A total of 52 patients were included in the study. The general demographic profile of patients with Terson's syndrome was comparable to that of the study population. The frequency of Terson's syndrome was 13.4 percent. There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes among patients with and without Terson's syndrome. However, positive correlation between laterality of Terson's syndrome with the side of aneurysm was shown. Although results were not significant, funduscopic examination remains to be warranted as an important part of diagnostic work-up of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. When present, the laterality of Terson's syndrome may give a clue to the presence and side of the aneurysm.

Human ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Charities ; Vitreous Hemorrhage ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Aneurysm

This study is about the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in New Orleans' Charity Hospital during the years between 1834 and 1860. The Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph was founded in 1809 by Saint Elizabeth Ann Bailey Seton (first native-born North American canonized in 1975) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Seton's Sisters of Charity was the first community for religious women to be established in the United States and was later incorporated with the French Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul in 1850. A call to work in New Orleans' Charity Hospital in the 1830s meant a significant achievement for the Sisters of Charity, since it was the second oldest continuously operating public hospitals in the United States until 2005, bearing the same name over the decades. In 1834, Sister Regina Smith and other sisters were officially called to Charity Hospital, in order to supersede the existing "nurses, attendants, and servants," and take a complete charge of the internal management of the Charity Hospital. The existing scholarship on the history of hospitals and Catholic nursing has not integrated the concrete stories of the Sisters of Charity into the broader histories of institutionalized medicine, gender, and religion. Along with a variety of primary sources, this study primarily relies on the Charity Hospital History Folder stored at the Daughters of Charity West Center Province Archives. Located in the "Queen city of the South," Charity Hospital was the center of the southern medical profession and the world's fair of people and diseases. Charity Hospital provided the sisters with a unique situation that religion and medicine became intertwined. The Sisters, as nurses, constructed a new atmosphere of caring for patients and even their families inside and outside the hospital, and built their own separate space within the hospital walls. As hospital managers, the Sisters of Charity were put in complete charge of the hospital, which was never seen in other hospitals. By wearing a distinctive religious garment, they eschewed female dependence and sexuality. As medical and religious attendants at the sick wards, the sisters played a vital role in preparing the patients for a "good death" as well as spiritual wellness. By waging their own war on the Protestant influences, the sisters did their best to build their own sacred place in caring for sick bodies and saving souls. Through the research on the Sisters of Charity at Charity Hospital, this study ultimately sheds light on the ways in which a nineteenth-century southern hospital functioned as a unique environment for the recovery of wellness of the body and soul, shaped and envisioned by the Catholic sister-nurses' gender and religious identities.
*Catholicism ; Charities/*history ; History, 19th Century ; Hospitals, Religious/*history ; Hospitals, Urban/*history ; New Orleans

This study aims to examine the beginning and the development of Christian Charities during the 4th-6th centuries which would eventually result in the birth of the hospital in modern sense in the first half of the 7th century. For this purpose, I looked carefully into various primary sources concerning the early Christian institutions for the poor and the sick. Above all, it's proper to note that the first xenodocheion where hospitality was combined with a systematic caring, is concerned with the Trinitarian debate of the 4th century. In 356, Eustathios, one of the leaders of homoiousios group, established xenodocheion to care for the sick and the lepers in Sebaste of Armenia, whereas his opponent Aetios, doctor and leader of the heteroousios party, was reckoned to have combined the medical treatment with his clerical activities. Then, Basil of Caesarea, disciple of Eustathios of Sebaste, also founded in 372 a magnificent benevolent complex named 'Basileias' after its founder. I scrupulously analysed several contemporary materials mentioning the charitable institution of Caesarea which was called alternatively katagogia, ptochotropheion, xenodocheion. John Chrysostome also founded several nosokomeia in Constantinople at the end of the 4th century and the beginning of the 5th century. Apparently, the contemporary sources mention that doctors existed for these Charities, but there is no sufficient proof that these 'Christian Hospitals,' Basileias or nosokomeia of Constantinople were hospitals in modern sense. Imperial constitutions began to mention ptochotropheion, xenodocheion and orphanotropheion since the second half of the 5th century and then some Justinian laws evoked nosokomium, brephotrophia, gerontocomia. These laws reveal that 'Christian Hospitals' were well clarified and deeply rooted in Byzantine society already in these periods. And then, new benevolent institutions emerged in the 6th century: nosokomeia for a specific class and lochokomeia for maternity. In addition, one of the important functions of Sampson Xenon was, according to Novel 59, to hold a funeral service for the people of Constantinople. Nevertheless, there is no sufficient literary material that could demonstrate the existence of a hospital in modern sense. The first hospital where outpatient service, hospitalization and surgery were confirmed was Sampson Xenon in the first half of the 7th century, figured in the tale of Stephanos of the The Miracles of St. Artemios. Why was the early Byzantine literary so reticent as to write the medical activities in the Christian Charities? It's because Christian innovation didn't rest on the medical treatment but caring for the poor and the sick, depending on the word of Mt. 25.35-36. In this meaning, I'd like to say that the Early Byzantine history of Christian Charities or 'Christian Hospitals' consists of only a footnote of the verse.
Byzantium ; Charities/history ; *Christianity ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Hospitals, Religious/*history

INTRODUCTIONColorectal cancer is now the cancer with the highest incidence in Singapore. However, the overall mortality rate is still about 50% because the majority of the patients present at a late stage of disease. A charity event of screening colonoscopy was offered to the public in conjunction with the 185th anniversary of Singapore General Hospital. The aim of this event was to raise awareness about early detection of colorectal cancer and the safety of colonoscopy.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe conducted a one-off free screening event for colorectal cancer using colonoscopy. Four hundred and ninety individuals responded to a multimedia advertisement for the event. Of these, 220 individuals were selected for the screening based on National Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and financial status.

RESULTSOne hundred and fifty-two individuals turned up for the colonoscopy. The median age was 55 years (range, 22 to 82), with 84 males. Significant pathology was found in 33% of the individuals (n = 51). Colorectal polyps were detected in 34 individuals (22%). A total of 45 polyps were removed, with 20 hyperplastic polyps and 25 adenomas. Eight out of 25 adenomas were located proximal to the splenic flexure. Rectal cancer was diagnosed in 1 individual (0.6%). One individual had a large dysplastic rectosigmoid ulcer and refused further intervention. There were no significant complications from any of the colonoscopies.

CONCLUSIONSColonoscopy is an invaluable screening modality as it has a high pick-up rate for colorectal polyp and cancer in an asymptomatic population. It is also proven to be safe in our study. It has the added advantage over flexible sigmoidoscopy of detecting a significant number of proximal lesions. Also, therapeutic polypectomy can be performed in the same setting.

Charities ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; Community-Institutional Relations ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Singapore

Vitamin D deficiency rickets became quite rare now-a-days and also more rare in incidence complicated by hypervitaminosis A which was found at Pusan Childrens Charity Hospital. This patient was 1 year old female who developed hypervitaminosis A during the vitamin therapy because of its misuse of vitamin D and A compounds. Also a brief review of the literature is done along with presentation of the case.
Busan ; Charities ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypervitaminosis A ; Incidence ; Rickets ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency ; Vitamins

Tuberculosis of the spine still remains as an important problem and also have high incidence in children in Korea. Many cases of the tuberculous spine are complicated by deformities of the spine and disability such as paraplegia, incordination of the cardio-pulmonary function and also result in early death. For the treatment of the tuberculous spondylitis following measure should be considered. First, eradication of the tuberculous lesion by conservative treatment or combined surgery, secondly, prevention of the deformity of the spine. Lastly, care for physical and psycological or emotional changes, and care for cardio-pulmonary dysfunction which develops after establishment of spinal deformity. Authors also attempted to analyse the kyphotic changes of the tuberculous spine of 70 children who were ambulating treatment at Pusan University Hospital and Pusan Charity Hospital, and obtained the result as follows; 1. Lower thoracic and upper lumbar were mostly involved. Nearly all cases of the new involvement of adjacent vertebra within 18 months. Only 4 cases now involvement occured after 18 months. 3. Kyphosis aggrevated grossly in 61.3% of cases. Most of them were apparent within 18 months but the changes developed after 18 months in 4.23% of cases. 4. In measuring the radiological kyphosis, Salters angle usually more simpler one than the internal gibbus angle. 5. Salters angle was larger involved than the internal gibbus angle except in mild and severe cases of the lumbar and lumbosacral involvement. Increase of kyphosis was 13.6 degree by internal gibbus angle and 16.3% by Salters angle. Kyphosis increased after 18 months were 3.1 degree by internal gibbus angle and 5.0 degree by Salters angle. 6. Radiological kyphosis changed in all stages and at least we should consider the changes of the kyphosis could be measured. 7. By the Kawakamis spinometer, the compensatory curvature, the posture of the patient and state of the kyphosis could be measured. 8. The compensatory curvature measured by Kawakamis spinometer were as follows: a) compensatory curvature in decrement in mild or morderate degree of cases, changed lumbar only or both cervical and lumbar curvature. b) compensatory curvature in increment in severe thoracic involvement changed both cervical and lumbar curvature, or cervical one only, the value in the cervical one was larger than that in the lumbar curvature.
Busan ; Charities ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Kyphosis ; Paraplegia ; Posture ; Spine ; Spondylitis ; Tuberculosis

Cambodia ; Charities ; China ; Cleft Lip ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Korea ; Palate ; Vietnam

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy is ever increasing due to medical advancements, but cancer death rate is also increased. Quality of life is an important issue in cancer patients. Despite developments of early diagnosis and treatments for cancer, the medical costs is increasing due to exfended sarvival against cancer and the absolute numbers of terminal cancer patients. We assessed the medical costs and quality of life in terminal cancer patients by the types of medical facilities, which would contribute to effective management. METHOD: A total 159 patients(males 70, females 89) with terminal cancer patients who were treated and died in various types of medical facilities(home hospice, charity hospital hospice unit, university hospital hospice unit, university hospital non-hospice unit) between November 1, 1997 and January 31, 1999 were included in the study. After the confirmation that the demographic factors correlated with factors of quality of life, the differences in the medical costs and quality of life(pain, depression, ADLs, family APGAR score) during the last 1 week of life in the various types of medical facilities analyzed by multi-way ANOVA with interaction of the significant demographic factors. RESULTS: The mean cost of types of medical facilities during the last week of patients as 65332.5 won in charity hospital hospice unit, 105165.5 won in home hospice, 702083.4 won in university hospital hospice unit, and 1037358.6 won in university hospital non-hospice unit. The difference between free hospital hospice unit and home hospice in medical costs as not statistically significant, but the difference among charity hospital hospice unit and home hospice, university hospital hospice unit, and university hospital non-hospice unit as significant (p<0.001). The demographical factors of quality of life in terms of pain, depression, ADLs, and family APGAR score were compared among various facilities. The ADL score of home hospice was 8.2 +/- 3.3, which was lower than free hospital hospice unit and university hospital hospice unit(p<0.05). The mean pain scor of home hospice as 1.7+/-1.7 and that of university hospital hospice as 1.2+/-1.2, and pain scores of home hospice were lower than free hospital hospice unit, and pain scores of university hospital hospice were lower than free hospital hospice unit and university hospital non-hospice unit(p<0.05). In depression's categorial scale of home hospice the score was 4.8+/-1.3, which was higher than those of free hospital hospice unit and university hospital non-hospice unit(p<0.05), signifying less depression. The family APGAR score was statistically insignificant among various types of medical facilities. CONCLUSION: The cost of hospice care is less than the non-hospice care. We found that the patients of home hospice experienced less pain and depression even with low ADLs, and increased the quality of life in both psychological and physical aspects.
Activities of Daily Living ; Apgar Score ; Charities ; Demography ; Depression ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Hospice Care ; Hospices ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Mortality ; Quality of Life*