The microangioarchitecture of human thalamus was studied by the ink-gelatin injection, thick section transparency, histochemical staining and methacrylate cast under the stereoscope and scanning electron microscopy. There were some impressions of smooth muscular cells on the arteriole, precapillary arteriole, origin of capillary, larger venule, and converging region of each venula. Some circular impressions presented at the course of capillary regularly and discontinuously, which might be caused by contraction of pericytes of capillary. The microvascular anastomoses were rich and complex. Besides capillary anastomoses of different shape, there were many anastomoses occurred between two arterioles, or between several arterioles. The form of venular anastomoses was similar to arterioles. The anastomosis between arteriole and venule was observed occasionally. The relationship of characteristic of vertical branches of arterioles to thalamic hemorrhage was discussed.

Objective To investigate the influence of focal insular glioma on risky decision-making and to verify the causal relationship between insular and risky decision-making cognitive process.Methods 12 patients with focal insular glioma,15 healthy individuals and 15 lesion controls with brain glioma predominantly affecting non-insular lobes were tested with a risky decision-making task.The results were compared by statistical methods.Results The bet time (BT),report time (RT) and bet or report failure (F) of insular glioma patients were (1.61±0.06) s,(1.61±0.10) s and (2(2,3.75)) respectively.BT,RT and F of lesion controls were (0.70±0.11) s,(0.69±0.11s) and (0(0,0)) respectively and those of healthy group were (0.71 ±0.10) s,(0.68 ±0.11) s and (0(0,1)) respectively.Compared with normal subjects and lesion controls,BT and RT of insular glioma patients were significantly extended,and F was observably increased (P＜0.01).BT,RT and F of lesion controls had no significant difference compared with those of healthy group (P＞0.05).Conclusion The risky decision-making cognitive process may be influenced by insular glioma.The insular region plays a necessary role in decision-making under risk and insular causally is involved in risky decision making.

Objective　To provide microanatomic basis for direct microsurgical operation on the region of Dorello's canal. Methods　The structures of the region of Dorellos canal were observed and measured on 30 sides of adult cadaverical heads under microscope. Results　①Dorello's canal was an osteofibrous canal composed of Gruber ligament, petrous apex and the lateral border of the upper part of clivus. The roof of Dorello's canal was mainly composed of Gruber ligament. The maximal distance from roof to bottom of Dorello's canal was 2.14 mm±0.70 mm. ②Abducens nerves passed through the lateral 1/3(56.7%) or intermedial 1/3(43.3%) of Dorello's canal to the cavernous sinus. The nutrient arteries of abducens nerves were originated from the dorsal meningeal arteries, and 83.3% of them traversed Dorello's canal by one stem, medially to abducens nerves. ③The point of abducens nerves entering cavernous sinus was 3.97 mm±1.83 mm posterior to the ascending portion of intracavernous carotid artery, 3.11 mm±0.95 mm medial to the Meckel's cave. Conclusion　In the region of Dorello's canal, the positions of abducens nerves and their nutrient arteries are steady, and they should be protected during operation.

BACKGROUND: Cell cycle has proved that about 90% stem cells were in resting state in the G0 phase; therefore, serum deprivation method which did not contain any growth factors and related nutrition additive was beneficial for separating glioma stem cells.OBJECTIVE: To explore the method of serum deprivation to culture glioma cell lines U87, and to isolate and identify the cancer stem cells which are in the U87 cell lines. METHODS: U87 cells were cultured in the medium containing both DMEM and L-glutamine for six days; cancer stem cells would be screened out; then the medium was changed for the neural stem cell culturing medium. The formation of tumor spheres and their differentiation characteristics were observed when they were inoculated onto serum-containing medium. The immunofluorescence staining of cells was employed to identify the surviving cells cultured in serum deprivation medium, tumor spheres and differentiated cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The serum deprivation method was used to select tumor stem cells successfully which expressed CD133 and could form tumor spheres. The tumor spheres had an ability of multi-differentiations, and the daughter cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron specific enolase. The U87 cell lines exist glioma stem cells which have the capacities of self-renewal and multi-differentiation.

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are a kind of adult stem cells with multi-potential differentiation property.At present,it has served as cell carrier for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.OBJECTIVE:To construct pDsRed-C1-CDNF eukaryotic expression vector and induce its expression in rat MSCs.METHODS:CDNF gene was amplified from mouse tissues using RT-PCR,and sequence with Xho I,BamHI restriction enzyme cutting site.The CDNF gene was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pDsRed-C1 encoding red fluorescent protein gene.The plasmid pDsRed-C1-CDNF was constructed and transfected into rat bone marrow MSCs.RESULES AND CONCLUSION:The pDsRed-C1-CDNF recombinant plasmid was confirmed by double digestion of Xho I and BamHI restriction enzyme or single digestion of BamHI,and PCR sequence.Results show that the recombinant pDsRed-C1-CDNF eukaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed.

BACKGROUND: PEX gene can interfere with the invasion acts of malignant glioma. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a new type of targeted cell vector on cancer therapy. OBJECTIVE: To construct MSCs stably expressing PEX gene.METHODS: PEX eukaryotic expression vector was constructed by molecular cloning, and identified the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-PEX by restriction endonuclease digestion and sequencing. After transfected with MSCs, the eukaryotic expression vector expression in MSCs was verified by immunocytochemical method. The MSCs stably expressing PEX was established by G418 selection, and then was detected by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The MSCs stably expressing PEX gene is successfully established, in which PEX gene is highly expressed at both gene level and protein level.

0.05). The rFA2 values were higher and rFA3 were lower in high grade gliomas than that in low grade and had significant difference (respectively t=2.453, P

ObjectiveTo explore the changes of degree attribute values and its significance of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) patients with tinnitus by the brain network research method based on graph theory.Methods34 PCS patients were chosen,including 17 PCS patients with bilateral tinnitus (PCS tinnitus group) and 17 PCS patients without tinnitus (PCS non-tinnitus group).Meanwhile,17 healthy individuals with the matched age,gender and educational background were recruited as the control.Degree attribute values of PCS patients with tinnitus were figured out with the brain network research method based on graph theory.Results(1)The degree attribute values of PCS patients without tinnitus at left orbital middle frontal gyrus (3.13±1.07),left thalamus (2.51±1.03),left superior temporal gyrus (3.67±1.31),right anterior cingulate cortex (3.13±1.25),right posterior cingulate cortex (2.13±1.08) and right supramarginal gyrus (4.46±1.35) were reduced compared with the control group (4.41±1.47,3.71±1.08,5.27±2.13,5.51±0.67,5.63±2.16 and 5.64±1.30) (P<0.05).The degree attribute values of PCS patients without tinnitus at left posterior cingulate cortex (5.87±1.06) and left gyrus lingualis (4.67±1.48) increased compared with the control group (4.41±1.46,3.21±1.27) (P<0.05).(2) The degree attribute values of PCS patients with tinnitus at left posterior cingulate cortex (3.37±1.54),left parahippocampal gyrus (3.41±1.62),left amygdala (2.25±1.43),left angular gyrus (4.17±1.02),left superior temporal gyrus (3.25±1.02),right thalamus (2.35±1.34),right Heschl gyri (3.97±1.62),right superior temporal gyrus (3.26±1.22),right cuneus (3.18±1.32) and right lingular lobe (3.26±1.42) were decreased,compared with the control group (4.41±1.46,5.27±2.13,3.71±1.08,5.63±2.61,5.64±1.30,3.43±1.33,5.63±2.16,5.13±1.64,5.51±0.67,4.24±0.63) (P<0.05).The degree attribute values of PCS patients with tinnitus at right posterior cingulate cortex (5.76±1.83),left MPFC (6.08±1.62) and right precuneus (6.08±1.06) were increased,compared with the control group (4.47±1.26,4.41±1.47,4.81±0.62) (P<0.05).(3)The degree attribute values of PCS patients with tinnitus at left MPFC,left amygdale,left parahippocampal gyrus,right Heschl gyri,right superior temporal gyrus,right cuneus and right lingular lobe were decreased,compared with PCS patients without tinnitus (P<0.05).The degree attribute values of PCS patients with tinnitus at right posterior cingulate cortex and left insular lobe increased,compared with PCS patients without tinnitus (P<0.05).ConclusionsPCS patients with tinnitus present the alteration of degree attribute in related brain network structure.The alteration in degree attribute of relevant brain zones in auditory system,limbic system and default network system may be important factors which result in tinnitus of PCS patients.

Objective To discuss the reoperation method for recurrent pituitary apoplexy after the successful initial transnasal-sphenoidal surgery.Methods Twenty-one patients with pituitary apoplexy were found recurrence after previous tumor resection via transsphenoidal surgery in 9 months to 5 years.In the reoperation,transsphenoidal approach would be still used.The anterior wall of sphenoid sinus and the sellar floor were located accurately,and then the remnants of them were removed as large as possible to expand the range of bone window.Next,the intrasellar hematoma was cleared away gently,and the residual tumor was removed progressively and thoroughly to make sure the sellar diaphragm subsiding fully and finally removed the whole tumor.Results Most of recurrent tumors were found to be of soft texture with rich blood supply,and 17 cases were still apoplexy.In 18 cases of the 21 patients,total resection was achieved.However,for the other 3 cases with tumor aggressive growth,only massive resection was achieved,and underwent stereotactic radiosurgery postoperatively.Postoperative clinical symptoms were alleviated in 15 cases,whose hormones were also decreased.Temporary diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism appeared in 5 and 3 cases respectively,but all of these postoperative complications were relieved after symptomatic treatment.Two cases of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage were resolved by packing the cavity with muscle and fat flaps.All cases were followed up for 3 months- 5 years,residual tumor enlarged in only 1 case of massive resection,which umderwent transsphenoidal surgery for the third time,no other cases recurred.Conclusion Operation via the transsphenoidal approach of recurrent pituitary apoplexy after successful initial transsphenoidal surgery could achieve high total resection rate.While the accurate locating,full expansion of the saddle bone window,and repeatedly scraping the apoplexy tumor to get a full subsidence for the sellar diaphragm,are the key points to remove tumors totally as well as to improve the symptoms.

Objective To investigate the characteristic of P30o event-related potentials(ERP) of impulsive behavior in heroin addicts.Methods The Iowa gambling task (IGT) were performed by using the paradigm for psychological experiment both in heroin addiction group (HA group) and health control group (HC group),the inspection of electroencephalography were underwent in all the subjects concurrently.Following the collection of data of ERP,amplitude and latency of P300 were compared between the two groups,and then the relationship betweenamplitude or latency of P300 and the results of Barratt impulsiveness scale were analyzed separately.Results Compared to HC group,BIS score as well as the numbers of high frequency loss cards were significantly higher in HA group ( HA:75.12 ± 12.49,91.14 ± 21.35 ; HC:66.54 ± 8.61,73.71 ± 18.91 ; P ＜ 0.05 ),while the both two groups had visible waveforms of P30o,and the amplitude and latency were markedly lower ( HA:4.92 ± 1.14,293.43 ± 36.21 ; HC:7.65 ± 1.59,332.68 ± 40.15 ; P ＜ 0.05 ) and were negatively associated with BIS score in HA group( r =-0.76,-0.52,P＜ 0.05).Logistic regression results showed that the scores of BIS-11 were related to amplitude of P30o merely( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Impulsive behavior can be observed from the abnormal characteristic of the P300 event-related potential of impulsive behavior in heroin addicts,which may partly contribute to both addiction and relapse of heroin addict.