Objective: To provide standardized alternative answers with the feature of equal intervals in the quality of life assessment.Methods:We collected 131 questionnaires (123 for psychological test and 8 for quality of life assessment). The SPSS 10.0 was used to analyze the frequency distribution of the alternative answers used in these questionnaires.Results:The most commonly used design for alternative answers is five levels, which comprises 31.68% of the total designs, followed by four levels (21.99%) and three levels (13.35%). The words used in the alternative answer show great diversities.Conclusion:We recommend that the alternative answers be designed as five levels, it is better to apply commonly used words in the alternative answer and have a feature of equal interval.

Objectives:To investigate appropriate approach of testing the interval feature of alternative answers in questionnaires.Methods:We calculated the total scores of the items within the same domain excluding the item that was under test, and then, identified the distances between the scores of the population who chose the different alternative answers of the test item. The short form 36 was used in the test. We surveyed a total of 2250 residents, with 2246 included in the final analysis.Results:This approach could find the deviated item in the questionnaire. The results of testing of the interval feature of alternative answers were consistent with the original design; however, the clustered items must have good construct validity.Conclusion:Using the items clustered in one domain to test the interval feature of alternative answers may possibly be an available simple approach, but we need more mathematics evidence to prove this assumption.

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the diabetic neuro-degeneration and its changes in neuroreaction to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion,by evaluation of the altera-tion of noxious thermal threshold and expression of substance P (SP),calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)in dorsal root ganglia in upper thoracic segments (T1-5 )in diabetic rats.Methods Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-200g,were randomly divided into control group (group C)and diabetic group (group DM),1 6 rats in each group.rats in DM group were fed with high sug-ar-fat diet for 14 weeks and were given streptozotocin (STZ,35 mg/mg,i.p.)at the end of the 4 th week,to set up diabetes experimental model.The animals in control group were fed with standard la-boratory diet.Tail flick latency to thermal stimulation was measured weekly.At the end of 10 weeks after administration of STZ,diabetic rats (and rats in control group)were further divided into myo-cardial ischemia-reperfusion group (group IR)and sham operation group (group Sham).The left an-terior descending branch of coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min,establishing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.The histological immunofluorescence assay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)were carried out to evaluate the changes of the expres-sions of CGRP and SP in the dorsal root ganglia.Results The tail flick latency was significantly in-creased in group DM,compared to the group C (P < 0.01).The immunoreactive materials for CGRP and SP in the sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia of upper thoracic segments (T1-5 )were markedly declined in group DM (P <0.01 or P < 0.05).Furthermore,levels of SP and CGRP were signifi-cantly lower in the DRG of the group IR after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion,compared to that in the group sham (P <0.01).Conclusion Diabetes causes sensory denervation and obvious reduction of expression of SP and CGRP in the sensory neuron innervating heart during myocardial ischemia-reper-fusion,indicating impairment of adaptive reactivity of neuro-endocrine function of cardiac sensory nerves.

The gamma-cyclodextrin-folate (gamma-CD/FA) inclusion-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with folate-receptor (FR) targeted were synthesized by simple and convenient sonochemical method. The products were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), utraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-vis), fluorescence spectrum and transmission electron micrographs (TEM). The results showed that the gamma-CD/FA-coated CdSe/ZnS QDs not only have good monodispersity and smaller size, but also have good optical performance, such as higher quantum yield (QY) and a long fluorescence lifetime. The cytotoxicity experiments showed that the gamma-CD/FA-coated CdSe/ZnS QDs have lower cytotoxicity and could more effectively enter cancer cells with FR over-expression. The QDs with 4-5 nm in diameter were relatively easy to enter the cell and to be removed through kidneys, so it is more suitable for biomedical applications for bioprobes and bioimaging.

Objective To discuss the treatment and nursing effect for prevention of cystospasm in patients after prostatic surgery with irrigation of resinieratoxin (RTX) into urinary bladder. Methods Twenty patients were divided into the control group and observation group with 10 cases in each group according to the date of hospitalization.Four milliliters of RTX and 100 ml of normal saline were irrigated into the bladder 3 days before operation in the observation group.Only 104 ml normal saline was irrigated into the bladder in the control group.The frequency,intension and duration of cystospasm and clearing time of bladder flushing fluid were observed.The international prostatic symptom score (IPSS) and score of life quality were evaluated at the first,second and 4th week after removing of urinary catheter and bladder stoma. Results The outcome in the observation group and the control group were as followed: the incidence rate of cystospasm was 20% and 80%,the clearing time of bladder flushing fluid was (2.8±1.7)d and (5.2±1.0)d,the indwelling time of bladder stoma was (4.0±1.6)d and (5.8±1.1)d,the indwelling time of urinary catheter was (9.3±1.3)d and (11.8±1.1)d,the VAS score was (2.3±1.3)d and (4.6±1.1)d, the IPSS score at the first,second and 4th week were (11.1±3.3)and (16.0±3.0), (9.5±1.4) and (12.7±13.2), (8.4±1.6) and (11.3±2.7),the score of life quality at the 4th week was (1.6±0.5) and (2.8±0.9), respectively. All the above results had statistical difference between the observation group and the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Standard bladder irrigation,rigorous monitoring of patients condition and maintenance of smooth flush of bladder were the important nursing basis to ensure the exertion of best effect of RTX irrigation.

The inclusion compound of amylose and salicylic acid (SA) was prepared by a sealed temperature control method, and the formation of the inclusion compound was confirmed by IR spectrum and powder X-ray diffraction. The kinetic parameters of dissociation of amylose/SA compound were studied by the nonisothermal method which was defined as a relationship between the dissociation ratio and time. The values of activation energy (Ea) and frequency factors (InA) were calculated by a nonlinear least-square method. In this study, the formation of the inclusion compound of amylose/SA was confirmed by IR spectrum powder X-ray diffraction. SA existed in a molecule form in the spiral stouction of amylose. The dissociation of amylose/SA compound was attributed to first order reaction. The values of Ea calculated by the nor-isothermal method were 21.71 and 22.41 kJ x mol(-1) at heating rate 5 and 10 degrees C x h(-1), respectively. The corresponding isothermal method value of Ea was 22.17 kJ x mol(-1); the calculated InA values were 9.32 and 10.08 at heating rate 5 and 10 degrees C x h(-1), respectively. The corresponding isothermal method lnA value was 9.26. The results were in good agreement with Ea values and lnA values by isothermal method. These results indicated that the non-isothermal method described in this study could be adequately used for the stability study of inclusion compound and was a rapid and accurate method for the determination of kinetic parameters.

This study is to examine the effects of NNIspm-mediated cellular senescence of HepG2 cells and elucidate its potential molecular mechanism. Cellular senescence was detected with senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining. Cell cycle distribution, intracellular fluorescence intensity and accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by high content screening (HCS). Protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Polyamines content was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that NNIspm significantly induced HepG2 cells senescence. This effect was due to the decrease of intracellular polyamines, the arrest at G0/G1 phase and an increase of ROS level. The molecular senescence marker p21 increased significantly after NNIspm treatment. In contrast, the protein expressions of Cyclin E and CDK2 were obvious down-regulation. The results indicated that cellular senescence induced by NNIspm was one of its antitumor mechanisms.

Objective To investigate the relationship between compatibilities of prescriptions for treating stroke and their dynasty and resource distribution, provide decision support for clinical applications. Methods Totally 905 prescriptions were selected from Database of Chinese Medicine Prescriptions. Information of selected prescriptions was standardized. The frequency of single herbs appeared in the prescriptions was counted. The core herb groups of the prescriptions were calculated by Apriori algorithm, and categorized by different dynasties. The concept of classical value of prescriptions (CVP) was proposed to characterizing the degree of classical of prescriptions and revealing the law of development of the prescriptions for treating stroke. Results The selected prescriptions involved 1479 different herbs, which were picked from 245 medical books. The top 3 most frequently used herbs were Saposhnikoviae Radix (40.22%), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (36.69%) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (32.71%). Totally 29 3-item core herb groups were obtained, and the top three actions of relieving exterior syndrome, invigoration and calming wind. With support values>80 (frequency), the main effect was relieving exterior syndrome. CVP of selected prescriptions was calculated and categorized by dynasties. The top 10 books with largest reappearing rate and their high frequent herbs, and the top 10 books with largest proportion of all selected prescriptions were obtained. Conclusion The basic law of prescriptions for treating stroke in different medical books was obtained. The dynasty distribution of CVP indicates that the research of Chinese medicine for stroke increasingly getting systematic and becoming more accurate in choosing herbs. The principles of choosing herbs to combine a prescription for treating stroke are similar among the collections of selected medical books.

Objective To explore the effect of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in intestinal tumor development and the relationship between VDR and β-catenin signaling pathway. Methods The interaction of vitamin D receptor and β-catenin were detected by co-immunoprecipitation assay after human colonic carcinoma cells SW480 were treated with vitamin D in vitro for 4 hours. The expression of E-cadherin protein was detected by Western blot after treated for 24 hours. To compare APCmin/+VDR-/- and APCmin/+ mice in vivo, the expression of VDR,β-catenin and BrdU proteins in intestinal tumor were determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of β-catenin protein in tumor and adjacency intestinal was further determined by Western blot. Results After SW480 cells were treated with vitamin D, vitamin D receptor and β-catenin protein showed binding, the expression of E-cadherin protein further increased (Gray value the control group 145.57±4.21,Gray value of the experimental group 109.35±3.56,t＝32.63,P＜0.05). Immunostaining and Western blot detection（Gray value 166.47±2.36） showed a marked increase of β-catenin level(Gray value 140.51±2.57) in APCmin/+VDR-/- tumor compared to APCmin/+ tumor(145.41±3.62,182.35±3.24,t＝2.65,4.36,P＜0.05). Conclusions The role of vitamin D suppressing intestinal tumor may be achieved through VDR affectingβ-catenin signaling pathway.

Aim To investigate the apoptotic mechanism and polyamine transporter recognition of 3-nitro-naphthalimide norspermine conjugate (NNINspm),a novel naphthalimide-polyamine conjugate, in HepG2 cells.Methods The cytotoxicity of NNINspm was assessed by MTT assay.Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry.The protein expression of cytochrome C,14-3-3,Bad,Bcl-xL,mTOR,p70S6K,Cdk4,p27~(kip1),Akt,Caspase-3,Caspase-9 was evaluated by Western blot.The translocation of Akt was detected by high content screening (HCS) analysis.Results NNINspm induced HepG2 cells apoptosis via Akt dephosphorylation and then triggered a series of signal events, such as Bad dephosphorylation, dissociation of 14-3-3 and Bad, and then binding to Bcl-xL,which finally resulted in mitochondrial disruption,cytochrome c release and caspase cascade activation.Furthermore,the NNINspm-mediated cell cycle arrest was due to mTOR and p70S6K dephosphorylation,Cdk4 down-regulation and p27~(kip1) up-regulation.Conclusion NNINspm induces HepG2 cell apoptosis via PI_3K/Akt signal pathway.