OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence, MRI characteristics and invasion route of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) infiltrating the cavernous sinus.

METHODSThe data of 141 patients with histologically proven NPC collected from May 2003 to June 2004 were reviewed. All patients were examined by 1.5-tesla superconducting MR unit to evaluate the tumor extent. MR FSE technique was used for T1 WI and T2WI images in the axial plane, followed by FSPGR fat-suppressed gadolinium-enhancement for T1WI images in the axial and coronal sections. All MR images were interpreted and evaluated by two diagnostic radiologists, paying particular attention to the nasopharynx and cavernous sinus infiltration.

RESULTSMR imaging showed infiltration of 49 cavernous sinuses in 39 patients (27.7%). The most common MRI features were enlargement of cavernous sinus with unconventional enhancement (22/49, 44.9%), even with formation of mass inside the sinus (9/49, 18.4%). The other MRI image features were local or diffuse dura mater thickening of cavernous sinus and presence of obscure structure as intra-sinus blurs and hazies inside. The most common infiltration route is through the foramen ovale (18/49, 36.7%), or through both the foramen ovale and foramen lacerum (6/49, 12.2%).

CONCLUSIONIn NPC patients, MRI invasion is characteristically and clearly shown as changes in the cavernous sinus. Possession of this information is crucial for giving correct treatment. The main infiltrtion route is through foramen ovale.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cavernous Sinus ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Reproducibility of Results ; Vascular Neoplasms ; pathology

OBJECTIVEAim of our study was to compare hematological parameters in Tibetan natives with those in Han migrants living on the Tibet plateau in order to determine the potential effects of age, gender, and ethnicity on hematological response to hypoxia.

METHODSBlood hemoglobin (Hb, g/dl), hematocrit (Hct, %), red blood cells (RBC,10(6)/mm3) were measured in 3 588 healthy Tibetan natives and 3 371 Han migrants ranging in age from 5 to 72 years, living at a mean altitudes of 2 664 m, 3 813 m, 4 525m and 5 226 m.

RESULTSHemoglobin (Hb) concentration analysis was made by multiple regression equations relating hemoglobin to altitude and age. For 2 093 Han males, Hb = 9.612+ 0.001440xaltitude+ 0.06148xage. For 1 948 Tibetan males, Hb =12.202+ 0.000462xaltitude+ 0.02893xage. For 1 278 Han females, Hb = 10.858+ 0.000939xaltitude+ 0.02632xage. For 1 640 Tibetan females, Hb = 11.402+ 0.000626xaltitude+ 0.00412xage. Each of the four equations was statistically significant (P < 0.001), and had variance (r2) of 0.86 or more, indicating that altitude and age accounted for at least 85% of the variation in hemoglobin levels. The coefficients for altitude and for age were higher (P < 0.05) in Han males than in Tibetan males and higher (P < 0.05) in Han females than in Tibetan females. The Tibetan postmenopausal females had higher Hb values than premenopausal females only presented at altitude above 4 000 m while this phenomenon was beginning at altitude of 2 664 m among Han females.

CONCLUSIONWe conclude that gender and increasing age in Tibetans are associated with lower hemoglobin values than those in Han at high altitude, and we speculate that genetic factors seems to be important.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Altitude ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; ethnology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibet ; Transients and Migrants ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo discuss the method, the safety, the advantages and disadvantages of endoscopic thyroidectomy via chest and breasts.

METHODSFrom Mar. 2002 to Dec. 2006, endoscopic thyroidectomy via anterior chest and breast approach was performed in 500 patients, including 76 cases of Grave's disease (1 case had an opened operation history), 111 cases of thyroid adenoma, 291 cases of nodular goiter (10 cases have 1-2 opened thyroidectomy history, 2 cases secondary of hyperthyroidism), and 22 cases of thyroid carcinoma.

RESULTSThe endoscopic thyroidectomy was successfully carried out in 492 cases, including tumor enucleation in 50 cases, partial lobectomy in 210 cases, subtotal thyroidectomy in 212 cases (including 73 cases of Graves' disease), and lobectomy in 16 cases of thyroid carcinoma. The operative time length ranged from 40 to 270 min (mean 74.5 min). Mean operative blood loss was 5.5 ml (3-250 ml), no cases underwent blood transfusion. The drainage was taken out in the second or third days postoperatively. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 3 to 8 days (mean 4.2 days). There were some complications including subcutaneous bleeding (3 cases), burn of the epidermal (1 case), inflammation of the incision (2 cases), subcutaneous bruising (3 cases), subcutaneous effusion (6 cases), thyroid crisis (1 case), and temporarily hoarseness of 2 cases. There were no complications such as permanence damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve or parathyroid glands. The complication rate was 3.6% (18/492). The hospital charges ranged from 7600 to 13,500 RM yuan. The average cost of endoscopic thyroidectomy was 10,510 RM yuan, in contrast to 5700 RM yuan for the open thyroidectomy patients. The post-operative following-up was 3 to 57 months (mean 27 months). All the patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results and the same curative effects as conventional surgery were obtained. However, 3 cases of nodular goiter, 1 case of thyroid carcinoma, and 1 case of Grave's disease were recurrence. The operations were converted into open surgery in 8 cases. The 22 cases with carcinoma were survival until now.

CONCLUSIONSEndoscopic thyroidectomy is a safe and effective method of thyroid surgery. Since all the minimal incisions are on concealed parts of the body, the obvious cosmetic effect of this method is guaranteed. Some disadvantages such as complications and more costs are needed to be improve.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Breast ; surgery ; Child ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thoracic Wall ; surgery ; Thyroidectomy ; methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEConcurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by CCRT has not been determined. Therefore, we conducted 2 phase II studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a regimen of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5 fluorouracil (5-Fu) (TPF) followed by radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin in patients with stage III and IV(A - B) NPC. This article is the preliminary report on treatment related toxicities and response.

METHODSGraded according to the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging criteria, only patients with stage III or IV(A-B) poorly differentiated or undifferentiated NPC (World Health Organization type II/III) were included. We planned to recruit 52 patients with stage III disease and 64 patients with stage IV(A - B) disease. All patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with TPF (docetaxel 75 mg/m(2), day 1; cisplatin 75 mg/m(2), day 1; 5 Fu 500 mg/(m2 x day), continuous intravenous infusion for 120 h), every 3 weeks for 3 cycles, followed by weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m(2)) concurrent with radiotherapy. Three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were used. Gross disease planning target volume (PTV), high risk and low risk subclinical PTV doses were prescribed at 70-76 Gy, 66-70 Gy, and 60-61.25 Gy at 1.75-2.0 Gy per fraction. The lower neck or supraclavicular fields may be treated with conventional AP/PA fields for a total of 54 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction. Patients were evaluated for tumor response after the completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and at 3 months after radiation according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST). The latest version of the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE 3.0) was used for grading all adverse events.

RESULTSFifty nine patients were evaluable for treatment response. Thirty patients had stage III disease and 29 patients had stage IV(A-B). All patients completed RT to the prescribed dose and 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with 51 patients (86.4%) completing 3 cycles. A total of 50 (84.7%) and 39 patients (66.1%) completed 4 weeks and 5 weeks of cisplatin during CCRT, respectively. The overall response rate in the primary site and the neck region were 94.9% [complete response (CR) in 25.4%] and 100% (CR in 19.6%) after completing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. At 3 months after RT, the CR rates increased to 96.6% and 90.2%, respectively. After a median follow up of 14.3 months, we observed 5 treatment failures and 2 deaths. The 1 year overall survival, distant metastasis free survival, and locoregional relapse free survival rates were 100%, 95.7%, and 97.7%, respectively. The rates of grade 3/4 myelosuppression and anorexia/nausea/vomiting during neoadjuvant chemotherapy were 55.9% and 16.9%, respectively. The corresponding rates were 11.9% and 23.7% during CCRT. Grade 3/4 mucositis, skin desquamation, and xerostomia occurred in 6.8%, 44.1%, and 27.1% of patients, respectively. There were no treatment related deaths.

CONCLUSIONSNeoadjuvant chemotherapy with TPF followed by CCRT was well tolerated with a manageable toxicity profile. Preliminary results are encouraging and warrant further investigation.

Adult ; Aged ; Anemia ; chemically induced ; etiology ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Chemoradiotherapy ; adverse effects ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; adverse effects ; Cisplatin ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leukopenia ; chemically induced ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Nausea ; chemically induced ; etiology ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; adverse effects ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neutropenia ; chemically induced ; etiology ; Radiotherapy, Conformal ; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated ; Remission Induction ; Survival Rate ; Taxoids ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Young Adult

Objective : To construct lentiviral vector of p62 gene over expression , and stably express p62 gene in human monocytic leukemia cells 1 (THP 1) , and to provide a way to study the role of p62 gene at the cellular lev el . Methods : The p62 gene fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , and the amplified product was ligated to the linearized pcDNA3 1 Flag PCDH10 lentiviral vector. After identifying with PCR , the PCR product was cotransfected with the packaging plasmid into human embryonic kidney cells 293 (HEK 293T) . THP 1 cells were infected with recombinant lentivirus . Positive cell clones were screened by ampicillin . Western blot and real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) were used to detect THP 1 cell lines with high p62 expression ( overexpression group) and THP 1 cell lines transfected with empty plasmid without p62 gene ( control group) . The expression levels of TNF α, IL 1βand Cxcl1 after K. p. infection were detected by RT qPCR . Results : The p62 gene fragment was successfully obtained by PCR and ligated to pcDNA3 1 Flag PCDH10 vector. PCR confirmed that p62 pcDNA3 1 Flag PCDH10 recombinant plasmid was constructed successfully. Am picillin resistant cell lines were selected after lentiviral infection of THP 1 cells . The results of Western blot analysis showed that the THP 1 cells with drug sieve survival increased the expression of P62 protein compared with the con trol cells (P < 0.001) , and RT qPCR analysis showed that the relative mRNA expression of p62 increased (P < 0.001) . THP 1 cells with high expression of P62 were successfully constructed . The levels of TNF-α、IL-1βand C xcl1 from THP 1 cells with high expression of P62 significantly increased after infection with K. p. (P < 0.01) . Conclusion P62 pcDNA3 1 Flag PCDH10 vector and THP 1 cells with high expression of P62 can be successful ly constructed by three plasmid packaging system , which provides a basis for the study of p62 .

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of myrrh extract on biological characteristics of human dermal fibroblasts (Fb), and to explore its possible mechanisms in promoting wound healing.

METHODSNormal Fb was isolated from human foreskin tissue and cultured in vitro. The third to fifth passages of Fb were used in the experiment. (1) Fb were planted onto 96-well plate and divided into control group, and 1 × 10(-4), 1 × 10(-3), 1 × 10(-2), 1 × 10(-1), 1, 10, 1 × 10(2) g/L myrrh water extract groups and myrrh ethanol extract groups according to the random number table. Fb in control group were cultured with DMEM medium containing 0.25% calf serum (briefly called low-concentration serum medium), and those in various concentrations of myrrh water extract and myrrh ethanol extract groups respectively with low-concentration serum medium containing corresponding concentration of 2 kinds of myrrh extract. After being cultured for 48 h, cell morphology was observed with inverted-phase contrast microscope, and Fb proliferation activity (denoted as absorbance value) was determined with MTT method. (2) Fb were respectively planted into flasks and dishes and divided into two groups according to the random number table. Fb in control group were cultured with low-concentration serum medium, and that in 1 g/L myrrh water extract group with low-concentration serum medium containing 1 g/L myrrh water extract. After being cultured for 72 h, Fb cell cycle and the type I and III collagen mRNA expression were respectively determined by flow cytometry and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Data were processed with LSD-t test.

RESULTS(1) Fb in all groups grew in long-spindle shape, but the cell fusion was much obvious in 1 g/L myrrh water extract group than in control group. Fb absorbance value in 1 × 10(-3), 1 × 10(-2), 1 × 10(-1), 1, 10 g/L myrrh water extract groups was respectively 0.378 ± 0.032, 0.402 ± 0.007, 0.390 ± 0.038, 0.453 ± 0.036, 0.390 ± 0.037, all higher than that in control group (0.332 ± 0.044, with t value respectively 2.24, 2.93, 2.69, 5.73, 2.71, P values all below 0.05). Compared with that in control group, Fb absorbance value in 1 × 10(-4) g/L myrrh water extract group was not statistically different (0.312 ± 0.048, t = 2.84, P > 0.05), while that in 1 × 10(2) g/L myrrh water extract group was significantly lower (0.154 ± 0.009, t = 7.17, P < 0.05). Fb absorbance values in 1 × 10(-3), 1 × 10(-1), 1, 10, 1 × 10(2) g/L myrrh ethanol extract groups were significantly lower than that in control group (with t values from 2.30 to 24.79, P values all below 0.05). (2) Compared with those in control group [(82.2 ± 7.9)% and (13.3 ± 2.3)%, (4.5 ± 0.8)%], the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase in 1 g/L myrrh water extract group was obviously decreased [(74.3 ± 6.3)%, t = 6.77, P < 0.05], while those in S and G2/M phases increased [(16.6 ± 3.4)%, (9.1 ± 1.6)%, with t value respectively 7.53, 6.34, P values below 0.05]. Compared with those in control group (1.00 ± 0.05, 1.00 ± 0.06), the mRNA level of collagen III in 1 g/L myrrh water extract group was significantly up-regulated (1.38 ± 0.12, t = 3.81, P < 0.01), while that of collagen I was not statistically different (0.89 ± 0.08, t = 1.17, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMyrrh water extract can notably promote the proliferation of Fb, accelerate the cell cycle of Fb, and up-regulate the mRNA expression of type III collagen in Fb, which may be related to its mechanisms in promoting wound healing.

Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Collagen Type III ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Terpenes ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEEarly diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is difficult due to the insufficient specificity of the conventional examination method. This study was to investigate potential and consistent biomarkers for NPC, particularly for early detection of NPC.

METHODSA proteomic pattern was identified in a training set (134 NPC patients and 73 control individuals) using the surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization-mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS), and used to screen the test set (44 NPC patients and 25 control individuals) to determine the screening accuracy. To confirm the accuracy, it was used to test another group of 52 NPC patients and 32 healthy individuals at 6 months later.

RESULTSEight proteomic biomarkers with top-scored peak mass/charge ratios (m/z) of 8605 Da, 5320 Da, 5355 Da, 5380 Da, 5336 Da, 2791 Da, 7154 Da, and 9366 Da were selected as the potential biomarkers of NPC with a sensitivity of 90.9% (40/44) and a specificity of 92.0% (23/25). The performance was better than the current diagnostic method by using the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) capsid antigen IgA antibodies (VCA/IgA). Similar sensitivity (88.5%) and specificity (90.6%) were achieved in another group of 84 samples.

CONCLUSIONSELDI-MS profiling might be a potential tool to identify patients with NPC, particularly at early clinical stages.

Adult ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Antigens, Viral ; blood ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; Capsid Proteins ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; blood ; diagnosis ; Neoplasm Proteins ; blood ; Proteomics ; methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; methods

OBJECTIVEA phase II study was conducted to test the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of cisplatin, 5-Fu and nimotuzumab, as induction treatment of resectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

METHODSForty cases of resectable HNSCC were treated with nimotuzumab (400 mg on day 1) combined with PF regimens (cisplatin 75 mg/m² on days 1 and 5-Fu 750 mg/m² on days 1-5 q3wks). After 2 cycles, an organ-preservation local therapy (surgery or radiotherapy) was recommended. The primary endpoints of this study were overall response rate, pathologic complete response and safety of the induction treatment. Mean age of 40 patients was 54 years old, of them 9 patients with oropharyngeal cancer (22.5%), 16 hypopharyngeal cancer (40.0%), 10 laryngeal cancer (25.0%), and 5 oral cancer (12.5%).

RESULTSWith a 2-cycle induction treatment, 34 (85.0%) patients achieved complete or partial response. Twenty-four patients (60.0%) got downstage, with T downstage in 21 (52.5%) patients and N downstage in 8 (20.0%) patients. Totally 27 patients got surgery after the induction treatment, of them 20 patients (74.1%) preserved organ functions. Four patients' primary tumors (10.0% in all 40 patients and 14.8% in operated 27 patients) showed pathologically complete responses. The toxicity was mild and manageable. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (5.0%), nausea/vomiting (2.5%), stomatitis (2.5%) and thrombocytopenia (2.5%). One patient got grade 2 renal insufficiency and one patient got grade 1 skin rash.

CONCLUSIONFor resectable HNSCC, nimotuzumab plus PF regimen as induction treatment is highly effective for preserving the organ function and the toxicities are well tolerable.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; therapy ; Cisplatin ; administration & dosage ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; administration & dosage ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDAsthma is a complex disease involving genetic and environment interactions. Atopy is a strong risk factor for asthma. The airway epithelium not only forms a physical barrier but also provides immune defense against harmful materials. To explore the effects of airway epithelium on asthma, we hypothesized that environmental injuries could act on bronchial epithelial cells and damage the physical barrier, which might facilitate allergens to stimulate immunoreactions and play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.

METHODSThirty eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups with six rats in each group: control group, asthma group, ovalbumin (OVA) + OVA group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and LPS + OVA group. In the control group, 0.9% saline was injected intraperitoneally on day 1. Fourteen days later, the rats were exposed to aerosolized 0.9% saline. In the asthma group, the rats were sensitized with an injection of 10 mg of OVA, followed by an aerosolized 2% OVA challenge 14 days later. The OVA + OVA group was sensitized by an inhalation 2% OVA, 20 minutes a day, from day 1 to day 7, and then OVA challenged in the same way as the asthma group. In the LPS group, LPS (200 µl, 1 µg/µl) was given by airway on day 1 and day 3, with a simultaneous aerosol inhalation of 2% OVA for 20 minutes a day from day 1 to day 7. Fourteen days later, the rats were challenged with saline as in the control group. While in the LPS + OVA group, LPS (200 µl, 1 µg/µl) was given by airway on day 1 and day 3, with a simultaneous aerosol inhalation of 2% OVA for 20 minutes a day from day 1 to day 7. Fourteen days later, the rats were challenged with OVA as in the asthma group. The expression of interleukin (IL)-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the lungs was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the pulmonary pathological changes were also observed. The level of IL-4, IFN-γ and IgE in plasma was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to conduct differential cell counts. Flow cytometry analysis was also used to count Th1 and Th2 cells.

RESULTSThe pathological changes in the LPS + OVA group were similar to the asthma group, while in other groups, the pathological changes were not obvious. The ratio of lymphocytes in BALF, IL-4/IFN-γ in plasma and the expression of the TSLP and IL-4 in the asthma and LPS + OVA groups were higher than in the control group and the OVA + OVA group (P < 0.05). The level of IgE was higher in the asthma, LPS and LPS + OVA groups than in the control group and the OVA + OVA group (P < 0.05). By flow cytometry analysis, the Th1/Th2 ratio was lower in the LPS + OVA and asthma groups than in other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe experiment results show that the injury to the bronchial epithelial layer may be the initial event of allergic responses. This finding implies that a rational approach to therapeutics would be to increase the resistance of the airways to environmental injuries rather than concentrating on suppressing inflammation.

Animals ; Bronchi ; pathology ; Cell Count ; Cytokines ; physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epithelial Cells ; pathology ; Hypersensitivity ; etiology ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Lipopolysaccharides ; toxicity ; Male ; Ovalbumin ; immunology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Objective To assess the feasibility and efficacy of multi-modality three dimensional imaging reconstructive technology in diagnosing the urethral stricture.Methods Totally,121 male patients,suffered with urethral strictures,were enrolled in this study between January 2012 and June 2017.Their age ranged from 17 to 63 years old.The etiology included pelvic fracture in 71 cases,straddle injury in 16 cases,iatrogenic injury in 25 cases,infection in 9 cases.All patients accepted the routine antegrade and retrograde urethrography.The slim CT scan and 3D image reconstruction were performed in patients with posterior urethral stricture.The 3D ultrasound detection and image reconstruction were used in patients with anterior urethral strictures.The fly-through mode was used in each 3D image in order to simulate the process of endoscopic examination.The length of stricture was compared between that in traditional urethrography and in 3D dimensional image,based on the results from anastomotic procedure and substitution.Result Among patients,71 cases were diagnosed as posterior urethral stricture and 50 cases were diagnosed as anterior urethral stricture.In those patients with posterior urethral stricture,no statistical significant difference of stricture length was noticed between traditional urethrography and 3 D dimensional image [(2.30 ± 1.60)cm vs.(2.18 ± 1.55)cm,P =0.91)].In patients who complained about the urine leakage from anus,higher detective rate of fistula could be seen in the CT 3D image than that in traditional endoscopic examination (87.9％ vs.77.6％).To patients with anterior urethral strictures,no statistical significant difference of stricture length was noticed between traditional urethrography and 3D dimensional image [Penile:(2.13 ±0.34) cm vs.(2.24 ± 0.31) cm,P =0.13;Bulbar:(1.98 ± 0.47) cm vs.(2.13 ± 0.32) cm,P =0.23)].However,the advantage of 3D image could be shown in detecting the lesion of navicular fossa and periurethral pathologic fibrosis.In the fly-through mode,the effect of 3D CT image seems to be superior to that in the 3D ultrasound image,which could show more smooth urethral wall and longer urethral segment.The limitation of those 3D image reconstructive technology was that long time consuming was needed during the 3D image reconstruction.Conclusion Our study showed that the multi-modality three dimensional imaging reconstructive technology can improve the sensitivity and specify in diagnosing the urethral stricture.After some modification,it will become the alternative method in diagnosing the urethral stricture.