The human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)can interact with and exploit the host cellular machinery to replicate and propagate itself.Numerous studies have shown that the Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signal pathway can positively regulate the replication of HIV-1,but exactly how each MAPK pathway affects HIV-1 infection and replication is not understood.In this study,we used the Extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)pathway inhibitor,PD98059,the Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)pathway inhibitor,SP600125,and the p38 pathway inhibitor,SB203580,to investigate the roles of these pathways in HIV-1replication.We found that application of PD98059 results in a strong VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1NL4-3 luciferase reporter virus and HIV-1NL4-3 virus inhibition activity.In addition,SB203580 and SP600125 also elicited marked VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1NL4-3 luciferase reporter virus inhibition activity but no HIV-1NL4-3 virus inhibition activity.We also found that SB203580 and SP600125 can enhance the HIV-1 inhibition activity of PD98059when cells were treated with all three MAPK pathway inhibitors in combination.Finally,we show that HIV-1virus inhibition activity of the MAPK pathway inhibitors was the result of the negative regulation of HIV-1 LTR promoter activity.

The antitussive activity assay for the root extraction of Disporum cantoniense was carried out with coughing mice induced by ammonia liquor. The results showed that the ethanol and water extractions of D. cantoniense possess strong antitussive activity, and the high dose of the former was better than positive control, and then the constituents of the ethanol extraction were separated and purified by various modern chromatographic techniques. Their structures were identified by physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data. As a result, eight compounds were isolated and identified as stigmast-4-en-3-one(1), (22E, 24R)-ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3beta-ol(2), obtucarbamate A(3), obtucarbamate B(4), neotigogenin(5), azo-2, 2'-bis[Z-(2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyl-5-methoxy) phenyl ethylene] (6),dimethyl {[carbonylbis (azanediyl)] bis( 2-methyl-5, 1-phenylene) j dicarbamate (7) , and quercetin-3-O-pB-D-glucopyranoside(8). All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and the result of bioactivity-directed isolation showed that compounds 3, 4, and 6 had obvious effect on antitussive activity, and compound 6 had the same level as positive control.
Animals ; Antitussive Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Female ; Liliaceae ; chemistry ; Male ; Mice

Objective To investigate the metabolite features of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats in vitro by high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MASNMR).Methods A total of 30 Wistar rats were randomized into ANP group ( n = 20) and control group ( n = 10).All the rats in ANP group were injected with L-arginine 2.5mg/g body weight twice, and the animals in the control group received same dose of saline. HR MASNMR was used to study the metabolic changes of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats in vitro. Results 12 hours after the ANP induction, the pancreas were more swelling, presented with bleeding points, with mild increase in liquefied change, coagulation necrosis could be found in parenchyma and a large number of fatty tissues could be seen around the pancreas. Serum amylase level was ( 3527 ± 429 ) U/L, which was significantly higher than ( 1250 ± 188 ) U/L in control group.Compared with those in the control group, the signal intensity of taurine ( Tau), acetic acid ( Ace), alanine (Ala) of the ANP group were significantly increased. While the signal intensities of phosphocholine (Pc),glycerophosphocholine (GPc) and betine (Bet) were significantly decreased. The signal intensities of choline (Cho), glutamic acid (Glu), lactate (Lac) were not significantly different. Conclusions There were obvious metabolic features of pancreatic tissues of ANP in rats, and it is useful for the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in AP in vivo in human studies.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of proximal femoral nail antirotation ( PFNA) in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures.Methods From April 2007 to July 2009,112 patients with intertrochanteric fractures were treated by using PFNA.There were 34 males and 78 females,at mean age of 76 years.Of all,80 patients were with type 31-A2 fracture and 32 with type 31-A3 fractures according to AO classification.According to Singh index classification,there were 4 patients at grade Ⅰ,21 at grade Ⅱ,70 at grade Ⅲ and 15 at grade Ⅳ.The fracture was caused by low-energy injury in 97 patients and by high-energy injury in 15.The Salvati-Wilson score was used to evaluate the hip function postoperatively.Results Ninety patients received 12-24 months follow-up (average 18.6 months).The Salvati-Wilson score was (29.98 ± 5.18 ) points.The result was excellent in 41 patients,good in 40,fair in 6 and poor in 3,with excellenct rate of 90％.The introduction of the nail in operation was difficult in 22 patients,of which 3 patients suffered femoral cortex rupture.Displacement or separation of the fracture segments occurred in 34 patients and distal locking difficulty in nine during the screw blade tapping process.Local complications included hip pain in 21 patients,thigh pain in 4,apparent coxa vara in 2 and delayed healing in 7.There were no cutting-out or femoral shaft fractures no matter what type of Singh index was.The systemic complications included cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in one patient,pulmonary infection in four,deep vein embolism in one and perineum congestion or swelling in seventeen.Conclusion PFNA is effective in treating intertrochanteric fractures especially osteoporotic fractures,but delayed healing of the fractures and the mismatch between the intramedullary nail and the proximal femoral morphology remain to be addressed.

OBJECTIVETo describe the characteristics of child pedestrian traffic injuries among aged 0-14 years old in Guangzhou city and to provide information on road, vehicle and human injuries in pedestrian.

METHODSA database of all motor vehicle crashes involving child pedestrian traffic injury cases over a five-year period (2000-2004), was from the police department.

RESULTSThe annual pedestrian traffic injury rates on incidence, mortality and case fatality were 17.63/ 1,100,000, 1.78/ 100,000 and 10.07% respectively. Both incidence rate and mortality peaked in the 5-9 age group were 26.80/ 100,000 and 2.57/ 100,000, with case fatality peaked in the 0-4 age group (13.29%). For males, the incidence (20.98/ 100,000) and mortality (2.00/ 100,000) were higher than that in females (13.83/ 100,000, and 1.52/ 100,000). The main injured parts of body would include multi-areas (40.34%), head (26.75%) and lower limbs (21.53%). 10.07% of the cases died and 66.18% and 23.75% of them having had severe and slight injures. The major causes were due to drivers (57.50%) and pedestrians (33.47%) faults with top three responsible vehicles were cars (40.14%), two-wheeled motorcycles (34.38%) and vans (22.15%).

CONCLUSIONData from pediatric pedestrian injury poses a threat to children and adolescents, data suggesting that it is important to change behaviors of both drivers and pedestrians.

Accidents, Traffic ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Age Distribution ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Reineckia carnea.

METHODThe compounds were separated by means of solvent extraction, repeated chromatogramphy with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and MCI resin. The structures were determined by spectral analysis.

RESULTTen compounds were separated and elucidated as daucosterol (1), stigmasterol-3-O-beta-D-glu-copyranoside (2), myo-inositol(3), pentologenin (4), kitigenin (5), kitigenin5-O-beta-D-glu-copyranoside (6), neoaspidistrin (7), (1beta, 3beta, 16beta, 22S)-cholest-5-ene-1, 3, 16, 22-tetrol-1, 16-di-(beta-D-glucopyranoside) (8), rhodeasapogenin 1-0-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-xylopyrano-side (9), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(6-1)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (10).

CONCLUSIONThe compounds 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 were discovered in this plant for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Magnoliopsida ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study changes in the radiographic appearance during weight-bearing and non-weigh-bearing in hallux valgus, and to analyse the correlation between the elasticity of plantar soft tissue of hallux valgus and the pain under the metatarsal head.

METHODSFrom May 2012 to October 2012, 240 feet of 120 patients with hallux valgus were enrolled in the study. The degrees of the pian under the metatarsal head of all the patients were observed. AP and lateral X-ray films of feet were taken on the condition of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing. So the hallux valgus angle (HVA), the inter-metatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsals (IM1-2), the inter-metatarsal angle between the first and fifth metatarsals (IM1-5), top angle of the medial longitudinal arch (TAOTMLA),and anterior angle of the medial longitudinal arch (AAOTMLA) were measured on the X-ray films. The differences of HVA, IM1-2, IM1-5, TAOTMLA and AAOTMLA between two groups were compared, and the correlation between the changes of IM1-2, IM 1-5, TAOTMLA, AAOTMLA and the degree of the pain under the metatarsal head were analysed.

RESULTSOne hundred and forty-eight feet had the pain under the metatarsal head. The IM1-2, IM1-5 and TAOTMLA increased on weight-bearing position compared with those on non-weight-bearing position, but the HVA and AAOTMLA decreased on weight-bearing position compared with those on non-weight-bearing position. There was a moderate relationship between the changes of IM 1-2,IM1-5 and the degree of the hallux valgus deformity, as well as the relationship between the different of IM1-5 and the degree of the pian under the metatarsal head.

CONCLUSIONThe degree of the collapse of the arch of foot with hallux valgus becomes serious with its deformity increasing. The pain under the metatarsal head of hallux valgus increases with the increased changes of IM 1-2,IM 1-5 and TAOTMLA. Analysis of the X-ray observation indexes of hallux valgus on weight-bearing position and non-weight-bearing position has important significance in evaluating the degree of the collapse of the arch of foot with hallux valgus,preventing and curing the the pain under the metatarsal head.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Hallux ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Hallux Valgus ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Metatarsalgia ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Weight-Bearing ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study and establish the fingerprint of Curcuma phaeocaulis by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

METHODLC-MS analysis was carried out in a Hewlett Packard model 1100 liquid chromatograph coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry. The analysis was performed on a ZORBAX RX-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase of methanol-isopropanol-water (mathanoic acid 0.4%) in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1), and the column temperature of 35 degrees C. The wavelength of the UV detector was set at 254 nm. RSD values of precision, repeatability and stability of this LC-MS method were less than 5%. The total 10 batches of C. phaeocaulis from the different places of Sichuan province were detected, and different commodities and preparative methods were compared.

RESULTThe standard fingerprint of the extract of C. phaeocaulis, which collected in the different places of Sichuan province, was originated from the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM 2004' software, and 15 common peaks existed in the fingerprint. Each peak in the fingerprint was separated well under the above analysis condition and similarities of the extracts of C. phaeocaulis samples of the ten batches were all above 0.90. By comparison of the retention time and the on-line UV spectra and their molecular weights of the chemical standards, peaks 4-6 and 9 were identified as curcumin (4), demethoxycurcumin (5), curcumenol (6), and curcumone (9), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThis LC-MS fingerprint and quantitative assessment can be used in the quality control of C. phaeocaulis.

Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Curcuma ; chemistry ; Curcumin ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods

A method for determintion of allantion in Psammosilene tunicoides was established by HPLC. Using alcohol as the extraction solvent, the subsequent filtrate of P. tunicoides was analysed by HPLC. Allantoin was successfully detected and separated by ZORBAX NH2 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm,5 microm) at wavelength of 220 nm and column temperature of 40 degrees C, with acetonitrile-water (93: 7) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The results showed that it had a good linear relationship between the concent ration of allantion and chromatographic peak area. The linear correlation coefficient of allantion was 0.999 5 in 0.010 4-0.166 g x L(-1). The relative standard deviation of six parallel injections was less than 2.1%. The average recoveries were ranged from 95.47% to 100.9%. This method was sensitive and accurate for the determination of allantion in P. tunicoides.
Allantoin ; analysis ; Animals ; Caryophyllaceae ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drug Stability ; Humans ; Rats ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia among community-dwelling Chinese elderly and to explore the related factors.Methods:Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey(CHARLS)in 2015, an open national database.According to the criteria of the Asian Working Group(AWGS)on Sarcopenia in 2014, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 7 584 Chinese residents aged 60 years and over who had undergone the standard sarcopenia test.General socio-demographic characteristics and living habits were compared between different gender groups.The prevalence of sarcopenia was analyzed with stratification.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors for sarcopenia.Results:The overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 6.4%(95% CI: 5.9-7.0)among the Chinese population aged 60 years or older.In the stratified analysis, the prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in males(9.9%, 95% CI: 9.0-10.9)than in females(3.0%, 95% CI: 2.4-3.5), in rural areas(7.2%, 95% CI: 6.5-7.9)than in urban areas(4.3%, 95% CI: 3.4-5.2), and in smokers(8.8%, 95% CI: 7.6-10.0)than in non-smokers(4.2%, 95% CI: 3.6-4.8). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that male gender( OR=5.368, 95% CI: 4.126-6.985)and old age( OR=1.191, 95% CI: 1.172-1.210)were risk factors for sarcopenia.In addition, the occurrence of sarcopenia was significantly associated with physical pain( OR=2.181, 95% CI: 1.695-2.673), alcohol consumption( OR=1.426, 95% CI: 1.057-1.923), low education level( OR=2.875, 95% CI: 1.577-5.241), increased waist circumference( OR=0.982, 95% CI: 0.973-0.990), decreased peak expiratory flow( OR=0.995, 95% CI: 0.994-0.997)and increased cystatin C levels( OR=2.088, 95% CI: 1.247-3.495)( P<0.05). Conclusions:The prevalence of sarcopenia is high among community-dwelling elderly in China, and the occurrence of sarcopenia is closely related to age, gender, education level, Waist circumference and alcohol consumption.