Osteoarthritis is mainly caused by the degenerative changes of cartilage and cartilage extracellular matrix,while Aggrecanases degradate Proteoglycans which are the major components of cartilage.This review includes three aspects:(1) We have concluded the major enzymes(ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) which regulate the metabolism of cartilage extracellular matrix.Meanwhile,we have summarized the structure of aggrecanases(ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) and introduced the function of each regional structure;(2) We have concluded the way cytokines and glycosaminoglycans regulate the metabolism of aggrecanases,and discussed the regulation and control principle of cytokines and glycosaminoglycan;(3) We have summarized the majority of inhibitors to the aggrecanases,introduced the endogenic inhibitors,and put our emphasis on the extrinsic inhibitors(chelating agents,polypeptides and so on).Through deeper research on the enzymes,it will help us further understand the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis,and open up new avenues to clinical treatment.Abstract:SUMM ARY Osteoarthritis is mainly caused by the degenerative changes of cartilage and cartilage extra-cellular matrix,while Aggrecanases degradate Proteoglycanswhich are the major components of cartilage.This review includes three aspects:(1) W e have concluded the major enzymes(ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) which regulate the metabolism of cartilage extracellular matrix.Meanwhile,we have sum-marized the structure of aggrecanases(ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) and introduced the function of each regional structure;(2) W e have concluded the way cytokines and glycosam inoglycans regulate the metab-olism of aggrecanases,and d iscussed the regulation and control principle of cytokines and glycosam inogly-can;(3) W e have summarized the majority of inhibitors to the aggrecanases,introduced the endogenic inhibitors,and put our emphasis on the extrinsic inhibitors(chelating agents,polypeptides and so on).Through deeper research on the enzymes,it will help us further understand the pathogenesis of osteoar-thritis,and open up new avenues to clinical treatment.

Objective To provide the anatomical data for single-nostril transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary adenoma.Methods Microanatomic structures were observed and measured in 20 cadaveric a- dults heads.Results(1)The diaphragmal opering was 5 mm or greater broad in 90%.The mean thick- ness of the diaphragma sellae was (0.18?0.08)mm.(2) A sphenoid sinus with complete pneumatization was named as all-sellae type,its percentage in all specimens was 85%,85% sphenoid sinus had middle sep- tum of which only 18.8% located in the medial sagital section.(3)The meant thickness of the sellar floor was (0.81?0.34) mm,70% of which were not more than 1 mm.Of the sellar floors,that the shape was flatness reach 15%.(4) The relationship between ICA and sphenoid sinus had two aspects,one was to be mutually apart (55%),the other was to communicate (45%),which formers carinae on the lateral wall of the sphe- noid sinus,espeially in the superior surface of posterior part.The relationship between optic nerve and sphe- noid sinus,one was to be mutually apart (27.5%),the other was to communicate (72.5% ),which formers carinae on the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus,especially in the superior surface of anterior part.(5) Three main types of the intercavernous sinus were the anterior intercavernous sinus,present in 80%,the inferior in- tercavenous sinus (25%),and the posterior intercavenous sinus (15%).Conclusion The knowledge of the anatomy of the sellar region and sphenoid sinus is helpful to safe operation in the single-nostril transsphe- noidal approach for pituitary,adenoma microsurgery.

Objective:To explore the value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO)in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:A hundred and twenty patients with COPD,120 patients with asthma and 120 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study.FeNO value was compared among the three groups.Results:FeNO value in patients with COPD,patients with asthma,healthy volunteers were (25.8± 15.6)ppb,(64.1 ±51.8)ppb,(18.8± 7.3)ppb,respectively.There was significant differences between the patients with COPD or asthma and the healthy volunteers (P <0.05),and there was significant difference between the patients with COPD and the patients with asthma(P <0.01). There was no significant difference in age,height,weight,and other general information among the three groups.There was no linear correlation between FeNO value and age,height,weight,body mass index,forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEVI)and FEVI to forced vital capacity(FEVI/FVC).Conclusions:The measured value of FeNO in patients with COPD and asthma are higher than that of healthy volunteers.There is no linear correlation between the measured value of FeNO and other values such as FEVI and FEVI/FVC,etc.The reason may be small sample size in this study.

An investigation on the chemical constituents of the 90% EtOH extract of Perovskia atriplicifolia led to the isolation of fifteen compounds from the EtOAc fraction. Based on the detailed spectral analysis (MS, 1D and 2D NMR), as well as comparison with the literatures, the structures of compounds 1-15 were determined as cirsimaritin (1), salvigenin (2), syringaldehyde (3), vinyl caffeate (4), 2α, 3α-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oicacid (5), 2α, 3α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oicacid (6), niga-ichigoside F1 (2α, 3β, 19α, 23- tetrahydroxyurs - 12-en-28-oicacid- O-β-D- glucopyranoside, 7), sericoside (8), 4-epi-niga-ichigoside F1 (2α, 3β, 19α, 24-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oicacid O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 9), 2α, 3β, 24-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oicacid O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2) - β-D-glucopyranoside (10), pruvuloside A (11), asteryunnanoside A [2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oicacid O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-β- D- glucopyranoside,12], rosmarinic acid methyl ester (13), β-sitosterol (14), and daucosterol (15), respectively. Compounds 1-13 were isolated from the Perovskia genus for the first time. All the compounds were obtained from P. atriplicifolia for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Lamiaceae ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of positive thyroid antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and its influencing factors.

METHODSThe clinical data of T1DM children who were treated in the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University from May 2005 to April 2011 were retrospectively studied. The relationships of thyroid globulin antibody (TGAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) with cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF and IFN-γ were evaluated, and the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood were examined.

RESULTSA total of 186 T1DM children with complete data of both TGAb and TPOAb were included in the study, among whom 143 with normal TGAb and TPOAb levels and 43 (23.1%) presented with positive thyroid antibody (including 21 cases with both positive TGAb and positive TPOAb). Eighteen cases (9.7%) were diagnosed as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 variant (APS3v). Significantly more patients in the positive thyroid antibody group had a family history of diabetes than in the negative thyroid antibody group (27.9% vs 14.7%; P<0.05). The average age of the positive thyroid antibody group was 10.1±3.2 years, which was significantly greater than that in the negative thyroid antibody group (8.1±4.0 years) (P<0.05). The IL-2 level (4.48 ±1.27 pg/mL vs 2.82 ±0.84 pg/mL, P<0.05) and the percentage of peripheral CD3+ T-lymphocyte[(61±11)% vs (66±11)%; P<0.05] were also different between the positive and negative thyroid antibody groups.

CONCLUSIONSGenetic background and abnormal function of T-lymphocytes (especially higher IL-2 level) may be involved in the elevated prevalence of positive thyroid antibody in T1DM children.

Adolescent ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Child ; Cytokines ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune ; etiology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Thyroid Gland ; immunology

BACKGROUND: The perioperative hemorrhage of knee surgeries is a difficulty in clinic, and the efficacy of tranexamic acid to reduce postoperative bleeding has attracted more attention, but choosing which administrations remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of tranexamic acid by intravenous injection or articular injection for reducing the perioperative hemorrhage of total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing unilateral total knee replacement were enrolled, and were then randomized into three groups (n=20 per group): no tranexamic acid administration (group A); intravenous dropping of 15 mg/kg tranexamic acid before tourniquet application plus 10 mg/kg tranexamic acid at 3 hours postoperatively (group B); articular injection of 50 mL saline diluted with 1 g tranexamic acid through a drainage tube (group C). Two-hour closure of drainage tube was performed in all patients. The postoperative dominant and hidden blood loss, blood transfusion rate, pulmonary embolism as well as lower extremity deep venous thrombosis were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The dominant and hidden blood loss in the groups B and C were significantly less than those in the group A (P < 0.05); the dominant blood loss showed no significant difference between groups B and C (P > 0.05); the group B exhibited a significantly less hidden blood loss compared with group C (P < 0.05). (2) The blood transfusion rate in the groups B and C was significantly lower than that in the group A (P < 0.05). (3) No pulmonary embolism or lower extremity deep venous embolism occurred during 3-month follow-up. (4) That is to say, tranexamic acid can obviously reduce perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion rate without pulmonary embolism or lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, and intravenous administration exerts better clinical effectiveness.

Abstract:Objective　To investigate the clinical characteristics and early diagnostic methods of patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection, so as to reduce the mortality of patients. Methods The clinical characteristics and microbiological analysis data including fungal culture, smear examination and mass spectrometry were collected from 18 patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection in the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Tuberculosis, and Department of Critical Respiratory Medicine in Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021, and descriptive analysis was conducted. Results　All the 18 patients were confirmed to be infected with Talaromyces marneffei by conventional culture and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The main infection sites of 18 patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection were lungs and lymph nodes, and the patients were accompanied by clinical manifestations such as cough, sputum and fever. The imaging features such as patchy shadows, mediastinal lymph node shadows and nodular shadows were common. Microbiological testing showed a statistically significant difference between smear and culture with a higher positive culture rate (χ2=13.74, P<0.05). The positive rate of blood culture in microbiological test was 60.0% (9/15), the positive rate of bronchial lavage fluid culture was 26.7% (4/15), the positive rate of sputum culture was 5.6% (1/18), one case each of pus, bone marrow, pleural fluid and cerebrospinal fluid was positive for culture and the other cases were negative, one case of sputum and one case of pus were positive for smear and the rest were negative. Colony characteristics showed that the colony morphology was mycelial phase at 25 ℃, producing red pigment, and the branching pattern of the penicillus was seen microscopically as monoverticillate or biverticillate; At 35 ℃, the yeast phase appeared at the initial stage, and then the mycelium phase changed after 5-6 days; the yeast phase was observed at 37 ℃, and yeast-like cells were seen under the microscope. All 18 patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection got better after using antifungal drugs. Compared with non-HIV patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection, leukopenia and anemia were common in HIV patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). 　Conclusions The infection of Talaromyces marneffei can be divided into localized type and disseminated type, which usually invade the lungs, skin, lymph nodes and other places. The main manifestations of patients are fever, cough, phlegm and other atypical symptoms. At present, the diagnosis of Talaromyces marneffei infection is mostly based on the fungal culture test, and the application of MALDI-TOF MS method can effectively shorten the diagnosis time of Talaromycosis marneffei. Clinical characteristics combined with microbiological analysis provide an objective basis for early diagnosis of patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection, and timely use of antifungal therapy can improve the prognosis of patients.

Objective To investigate the click and tone burst evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABR)in normal Wistar rat,and to establish the standards of ABR testing method,and to provide a reference for studies rat audition.Methods Fifteen male Wistar rats(30 ears)were used in this sutdy.The latency and amplitude of ABR e-voked by click and TB at 80,50 and 20 dB SPL were measured.Results The occurrence rate of wave Ⅱand Ⅳat low levels(20 dB SPL)was nearly the same according to the amplitude.The cABR (dB peSPL)threshold was 21.83± 4.45 and tbABR (dB SPL)thresholds were 2.02±0.09,2.88±0.16,3.77±0.25,4.69±0.29,and 5.78±0.41, respectively.80 dB stimulus evoked cABR (peSPL)wave I,I b,II,III,IV and V latency (ms)were 1.76±0.12, 2.13±0.11,2.67±0.16,3.49±0.28,4.39±0.29,and 5.45±0.41,respectively.tbABR (SPL)of wave I,Ib, II,III,IV and V latency (ms)at 4 kHz were 2.02±0.09,2.88±0.16,3.77±0.25,4.69±0.29,and 5.78± 0.41,respectively.At 8 kHz they were 1.76±0.07,2.28±0.10,2.63±0.16,3.49±0.21,4.44±0.28,and 5.48±0.43;while at 12 kHz were1.76±0.08,2.24±0.12,2.61±0.25,3.53±0.25,4.46±0.32,and 5.52± 0.45;at 16 kHz were 1.79±0.10,2.25±0.12,2.70±0.18,3.62±0.27,4.52±0.37,and 5.61±0.49;at 24 kHz were 1.75±0.09,2.27±0.11,2.67±0.16,3.60±0.27,4.52±0.38,and 5.60±0.51;at 32 kHz were 1.77±0.10,2.24±0.12,2.64±0.20,3.59±0.34,4.52±0.40,and 5.61±0.52,respectively.Conclusion Wave Ⅳ was the best wave to determine threshold of click and tone burst evoked auditory brainstem response in rat.

Adult ; Anemia, Aplastic ; drug therapy ; Antilymphocyte Serum ; administration & dosage ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cyclosporins ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Dyskeratosis Congenita ; complications ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; Male

Objective To discuss the related impact of genetic factors in the incidence of bronchial asthma ( BA) and allergic rhinitis ( AR) in Nantong region, China. Methods By random sampling method, investigation and research on the incidence of genetic epidemiology were carried out in the population of 95 300 on AR and BA. Results The rate of patients with allergic rhinitis with asthma was 25.92% (296/1142), the rate of asthma patients with allergic rhinitis was 40.49% (296/731). The prevalences of AR complicated with BA were 8.19% (280/3418), 3.08% (154/5002) and 3.16% (85/2687) in the first-, second-and third-degree relatives of the probands respectively, while the prevalences of BA complicated with AR were 15.81% (466/2947), 4.61% (229/4967) and 2.51% (134/5345) in the first-,second- and third-degree relatives of the probands respectively, higher than those in the controls (P < 0. 05). The weighted mean heritability of AR in BA patients was 94. 2% ±1.9%, while the weighted mean heritability of BA in AR patients was 81. 8% ±2. 1% , more than 60% , suggesting that both AR and BA were relevant with genetics. Conclusions The incidence of BA and AR has obvious relevance, supporting the theory that the two diseases are an united airway disease and relevant with polygene heredity.